ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea)
https://www.revistaespacios.com Pag. 87
Vol. 43 (03) 2023 • Art. 7!
Recibido/Received: 31/01/2023 • Aprobado/Approved: 12/03/2023 • Publicado/Published: 15/03/2023
DOI: 10.48082/espacios-a23v44n03p07
Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos
extensivos: caso de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio
de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia
Financial optimization of the use of drones in extensive crops: case study of rice cultivation
in the Municipality of Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia
MALDONADO, Iván D.1
REYES, Diana M.2
Resumen
Este documento muestra los beneficios financieros que se obtienen al utilizar drones para fumigación y
control en agricultura de precisión, caso particular en cultivos de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad,
departamento de Casanare, Colombia. Se analizan documentos que plantean las ventajas del uso de
este tipo de tecnología y su relación con los costos operativos, de insumos y en mano de obra; además,
muestra la disminución de tiempo en la fumigación comparado con los métodos tradicionales de
fumigación manual.
Palabras clave: dron, optimización financiera, cultivos extensivos
Abstract
This document shows the financial benefits obtained by using drones for spraying and control in
precision agriculture, particularly rice crops in the municipality of Trinidad, department of Casanare,
Colombia. Documents have been analyzed to show the advantages of using this type of technology in
relation with operating costs, inputs and labor; also, it shows the decrease in time of spraying, compared
to traditional methods such as manual spraying.
Key words: drone, financial optimization, field crops
1. Introducción
"#$%#!&'(#!')*$!$#!+,--.'/!%0*/#$!#/!1'!'20-(+1,+0'!3'!4+#!5#06-,#!'1!'20-(+1,*0!6#7*0'0!$+!8*06'!%#!(+1,-9'0:!
2#/#0'/%*!6#7*0#$!0#$+1,'%*$!#(*/;6-(*$<!=$,*!$#!%#>#!'!4+#!1*$!%0*/#$!>0-/%'/!&#00'6-#/,'$!-65*0,'/,#$!
,'/,*!#/!1'!%#,#((-;/!(*6*!#/!#1!(*/,0*1!%#!#/8#06#%'%#$:!3!,'6>-?/!5#06-,#/!&'(#0!+/!(*/,0*1!%#1!,#00#/*!6@$!
0@5-%*!3!#8-(-#/,#:!#/,0#2'/%*!-/8*06'(-;/!5+/,+'1!'!+/!>'7*!(*$,*:!(*65'0'%*!(*/!*,0*$!$-$,#6'$!%#!%#,#((-;/!
AB(*$,'CD#%-/'!#,!'1<:!EFGHI<!
1 Candidato a Magister en administración con énfasis en gerencia de proyectos, Ingeniero Electrónico, profesor ocasional, Escuela de Ingeniería
Electrónica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, ivan.maldonado02@uptc.edu.co
2 Maestría en relaciones internacionales , Administradora de empresas, profesor ocasional, Facultad Seccional sogamoso, Escuela de Administración
de empresas, Universidad Pedagogica y Tecnologica de Colombia
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 88
=/!1'!'(,+'1-%'%:!1*$!%0*/#$!$#!#$,@/!+,-1-.'/%*!%#!%*$!8*06'$<!J'!50-6#0':!5'0'!&'(#0!1#9'/,'6-#/,*!%#!
-/8*06'(-;/!%#1!,#00#/*!3!$+!0#$5#(,-9*!(*/,0*1!%+0'/,#!,*%*!#1!50*(#$*!%#!$-#6>0'K!#$,'!-/8*06'(-;/!$#!'%4+-#0#!
6#%-'/,#!(@6'0'$!6+1,-#$5#(,0'1#$:!1'!(+'1#$!0#(*2#/!%#,'11#$!%#1!(+1,-9*:!$#!&'(#/!6'5'$!('0'(,#0L$,-(*$!#/!1*$!
(+'1#$!$#!5+#%#!#/(*/,0'0!/-9#1#$!%#!/-,0;2#/*!#/!1'$!51'/,'$:!/-(&*$!%#!51'2'$:!/-9#1#$!%#!5M!%#1!$+#1*:!#$,0?$!
&L%0-(*:! #/,0#!*,0*$!(*/!#$,'!-/8*06'(-;/!1*$!'20;/*6*$!5+#%#/!,*6'0!%#(-$-*/#$!0@5-%'$!5'0'!6#7*0'0!
1'$!(*/%-(-*/#$!%#1!$+#1*!*!%#1!(+1,-9*K!%#!#$,'!6'/#0'!$#!#9-,'/!5#0%-%'$!%#!50*%+((-;/!AN+1>'(O!#,!'1<:!EFGHI.!
J'!$#2+/%'!8*06':!#$!#1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!5'0'!8+6-2'(-;/<!=$,#!#$!#1!(*651#6#/,*!-%#'1!%#!1'!50-6#0'!#,'5'!%#>-%*!
'!$+!9#0$',-1-%'%!3!('5'(-%'%!%#!11#2'0!'!(+'14+-#0!$-,-*!%#1!,#00#/*!#/!,-#65*$!6+3!(*0,*$K!#1!%0*/!5+#%#!8+6-2'0!
,0'6*$!%#!,#00#/*!#$5#(L8-(*!$-/!'8#(,'0!$+!#/,*0/*:!$#!5+#%#!&'(#0!(*/,0*1!%#!51'2'$!#/!.*/'$!5+/,+'1#$!
5#06-,-#/%*!+/!6'/#7*!;5,-6*!%#!1*$!0#(+0$*$!3!,-#65*$:!/*!$#!%#$5#0%-(-'!&#0>-(-%'$!*!8+/2-(-%'$!/-!$#!'8#(,'!
#1!$+#1*!(*/!4+L6-(*$!$-/!/#(#$-%'%:!(*6*!$#!&'(#!(*/!*,0'$!8*06'$!%#!8+6-2'(-;/!AN+1>'(O!#,!'1<:!EFGHI<!=$,*$!
#4+-5*$!5#06-,#/!,#/#0!+/'!2#$,-;/!'20*-/%+$,0-'1!6+(&*!6@$!#8-(-#/,#:!1*!(+'1!0#5#0(+,#!%-0#(,'6#/,#!#/!1'$!
8-/'/.'$!%#!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$K!#1!5*%#0!(*/,0*1'0!1*$!6?,*%*$!3!,-#65*$!%#!8+6-2'(-;/!&'(#!4+#!$#!5+#%'/!(0#'0!
0+,'$!#$5#(L8-('$!5'0'!('%'!,#00#/*:!1*!4+#!(*/11#9'!'!6#7*0'0!1'!50*%+((-;/!3!1'!*5,-6-.'(-;/!%#!1*$!'20*4+L6-(*$!
+$'%*$!#/!('%'!#,'5'!%#1!(+1,-9*!AP'6>0'/*:!EFEFI<!=1!+$*!%#!1'!-//*9'(-;/!3!1'!,#(/*1*2L'!2#/#0'/!-/(0#6#/,*!
%#!50*%+((-;/:!6'Q-6-.'(-;/!%#!0#(+0$*$!3!6#7*0'$!#/!1'$!8-/'/.'$!%#!+/'!#650#$':!(*6*!1*!51'/,#'!1'!
R*05*0'(-;/!S0+55*!T'1-/'$!AP'6>0'/*:!EFEFI:!!!5#0*!/*!5+#%#/!-0!$*1*$:!%#>#/!-0!'(*65')'%*$!%#!+/!6*%#1*!
%#!2#$,-;/!4+#!5#06-,'!$*$,#/#0!#1!(0#(-6-#/,*!#(*/;6-(*:!$-/!5#0%#0!#1!#/8*4+#!$+$,#/,'>1#<!T#2U/!V*/2!#,!'1<:!
AEFGWI:!1'!(*65#,-,-9-%'%!#$!+/'!&#00'6-#/,'!#$,0',?2-('!5'0'!1'!2#$,-;/!%#!1'!#650#$'K!1'$!('5'(-%'%#$!*!
&'>-1-%'%!5'0'!0#$5*/%#0!'!1*$!('6>-*$!'>0+5,*$!%#!6'/#0'!#8-('.:!$#!*0-#/,'/!&'(-'!1'!2#/#0'(-;/:!%#$'00*11*!3!
'(+6+1'(-;/!%#!'(,-9*$!(1'9#!5'0'!1'!9#/,'7'!(*65#,-,-9':!5*0!1*!4+#!0#50#$#/,'/!8'(,*0#$!(1'9#!5'0'!1'!
*5,-6-.'(-;/!%#!1'!-//*9'(-;/<!!
B1!51'/,#'0!#1!6*%#1*!%#!2#$,-;/:!$#!%#>#!,#/#0!#/!(+#/,'!4+#!/*!,*%*$!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$!(+#/,'/!(*/!1'$!6-$6'$!
('5'(-%'%#$!#(*/;6-('$:!-/,#1#(,+'1#$:!%#!'50*5-'(-;/!%#!-/8*06'(-;/!3!%#!'%'5,'(-;/!'!/+#9'$!,#(/*1*2L'$:!1*!
4+#!50#$#/,'!+/!0#,*!#/*06#!#/!1'!>U$4+#%'!%#!%-(&*!6*%#1*!'!+,-1-.'0!AB6'%*0!%#!B9-1':!EFGHI<!
=1!6*%#1*!%#>#!(*/,'0!(*/!6?,0-('$!8-/'/(-#0'$:!+$*!%#!,#(/*1*2L'!%#!5+/,':!6*%#1*$!%#!'%6-/-$,0'(-;/!3:!5*0!
$+5+#$,*:!2#$,-;/!'20*-/%+$,0-'1:!,*%*!1*!'/,#0-*0!'(*65')'%*!%#!$#/$->-1-.'(-;/!3!('5'(-,'(-;/:!5'0'!4+#!1*$!
'20-(+1,*0#$!#/,-#/%'/!1'!/#(#$-%'%!-65#0-*$'!%#!6#7*0'0!$+$!50@(,-('$!5'0'!'$L!$*>0#9-9-0!'!#$,#!6*%#1*!%#!
#(*/*6L'!4+#!#/!1'!'(,+'1-%'%!0-2#!'1!51'/#,'!21*>'1-.'%*!AD#%-/'!X!Y-)*:!EFGWI<!
R*/!#1!8-/!%#!*80#(#0!'!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$!'3+%'$!,#(/*1;2-('$!4+#!1*$!5+#%'/!#/('6-/'0!'!,#/#0!6'3*0!*5,-6-.'(-;/!
8-/'/(-#0':!'+6#/,*!#/!1'!50*%+((-;/:!%',*$!$*>0#!#1!'9'/(#!3!(0#(-6-#/,*!%#!$+$!(+1,-9*$:!(*/,0*1!%#!51'2'$:!
(*/,0*1!%#!6'1#.'$:!9'1*0#$!%#!/+,0-#/,#$!3!('/,-%'%!%#!/-,0;2#/*!#/!1'!,-#00':!$#!50#$#/,'!1'!*5(-;/!%#!+$'0!
%0*/#$:!,'/,*!%#!'%4+-$-(-;/!%#!-/8*06'(-;/!(*6*!%#!'$5#0$-;/!5'0'!4+#!$#'/!+$'%*$!#/!$+$!(+1,-9*$!AZ#11'#(&#!
#,!'1<:!EFFHI<!
J'!+,-1-.'(-;/!%#!%0*/#$!#/!1'!'20-(+1,+0'!#Q,#/$-9'!$#!&'!1*20'%*!(*/$*1-%'0!(*6*!+/'!*5(-;/!-65*0,'/,#:!%#>-%*!
'!4+#!#$,'!,#(/*1*2L'!$#!(*/9-#0,#!#/!+/'!&#00'6-#/,'!'1,'6#/,#!('1-8-('%'!3!#8-('.!5'0'!%#,#06-/'0!%-8#0#/,#$!
9'0-'>1#$!#$5'(-'1#$!#/!1'!+,-1-.'(-;/!%#!8#0,-1-.'/,#$:!&#0>-(-%'$!3!'51-('(-;/!%#!/+,0-#/,#$:!A[*1'/%*!Y'9-'!P'6*0'!
X!\'4+#!D-,#:!EFG]I<!=$,*!'3+%'!'1!'20-(+1,*0!'!-%#/,-8-('0!,@(,-('$!5'0'!*>,#/#0!0#/,'>-1-%'%!8-/'/(-#0'!#/!1'!
2#$,-;/!%#!$+$!(+1,-9*$:!'!,0'9?$!%#!*5,-6-.'0!0#(+0$*$!#(*/;6-(*$:!1'! %-$6-/+(-;/!%#!1*$!2'$,*$!%#!
6'/,#/-6-#/,*!3!1'!0#%+((-;/!%#1!5'2*!%#!&*0'$!&*6>0#!A"-!J#*:!EFG^I<!
_/(0#6#/,'0!1'!0#/,'>-1-%'%!%#!1'!50*%+((-;/!5+#%#!$-2/-8-('0!+/'!6#7*0'!#/!1'!('1-%'%!%#!9-%'!%#!1*$!50*%+(,*0#$<!
=1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!#/!1'!'20-(+1,+0'!-65'(,'!5*$-,-9'6#/,#!#/!#1!-/(0#6#/,*!%#!1'!50*%+((-;/K!$#2U/!Y'7-:!EFG]:!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 89
#1!-/(0#6#/,*!%#!1'!50*%+((-;/!5*0!,*/#1'%'!$#!%#>#!'!%-9#0$*$!8'(,*0#$<!=1!50-6#0*!%#!#11*$!#$!1'!&*6*2#/#-%'%!
#/!1'!8+6-2'(-;/K!#1!$#2+/%*:!#$!1'!/*!-/,0+$-;/!$*>0#!#1!,#00#/*K!#1!,#0(#0*:!#$!1'!#8-(-#/(-'!#/!#1! +$*!%#!1*$!
-/$+6*$!3!#1!'2+':!3!#1!(+'0,*:!#$!1'!5*$->-1-%'%!%#!,0','0!/-(&*$!%#!6'1#.'!*!51'2'$!#/!$-,-*$!#$5#(L8-(*$!3!/*!#/!
1'!,*,'1-%'%!%#1!,#00#/*<AD(O-//*/:!Z<!AEFG`I<!
J'$!#$,0',#2-'$!%#!(*/,0*1!1#!5#06-,#/!'1!'20-(+1,*0!,#/#0!(*/*(-6-#/,*!%#!1*!4+#!$+(#%#!#/!$+!(+1,-9*!%#!8*06'!
6@$!0@5-%':!5'0'!,*6'0!%#(-$-*/#$!0#8#0#/,#$!'!,-#65*$!%#!$-#6>0':!8+6-2'(-;/:!(*/,0*1!%#!51'2'$:!(*$#(&'!3!
5*$,(*$#(&'K! (*/! 1'! -/8*06'(-;/! '%#(+'%':! 3! #/! #1! 6*6#/,*! 7+$,*:! #$! 6@$! 8@(-1! ,*6'0! '((-*/#$! 4+#! 9'3'/!
#/('6-/'%'$! '! 6#7*0'0!1'! ('1-%'%! %#1! (+1,-9*!3!$+!50*%+(,-9-%'%!AS'0(L'CT@/(&#.:! B<! a<:!S'0(L'CT@/(&#.:!V<:! X!
S'0(L'CM'0*:!a<:!EFGGI<!
b'0'!,#/#0!,*%'!1'!-/8*06'(-;/!%#1!(+1,-9*!$#!0#4+-#0#/!%-8#0#/,#$!,?(/-('$:!%#5#/%-#/%*!%#!1'$!/#(#$-%'%#$!%#1!
'20-(+1,*0!#/!(+'/,*!'1!$#2+-6-#/,*!%#!1'!(*$#(&':!*!%#!#$('/#'0!#1!,#00#/*!5'0'!$'>#0!$+!#$,'%*!'/,#$!%#!-/-(-'0!
1'!$-#6>0'!Ac#>#0:!EFG]I<!=1!50-6#0!6?,*%*!4+#!$#!+,-1-.'!#/!1'!'(,+'1-%'%!5'0'!&'(#0!$#2+-6-#/,*!'!(+1,-9*$!
#Q,#/$-9*$!#$!#1!+$*!%#!$',?1-,#$!(*/!(@6'0'$!'%'5,'%'$!4+#!5#06-,#/!0#'1-.'0!'/@1-$-$!#$5#(,0'1!'!1'!9#2#,'(-;/!
3! '1! ,#00#/*! AR'$,-11#7*! S*/.@1#.:! EFGGIK! #$,#! 6?,*%*! #$! (*$,*$*! 3! $#! +,-1-.'! 50-/(-5'16#/,#! #/! 20'/%#$!
#Q,#/$-*/#$!%#!,-#00'!3!#/!5'L$#$!-/%+$,0-'1-.'%*$<!!
d/!$#2+/%*!6?,*%*!+,-1-.'%*!#/!1'!B20-(+1,+0'!%#!b0#(-$-;/!ABbI:!$*/!1*$!$#/$*0#$!0#6*,*$K!#$,*$!#1#6#/,*$!
5#06-,#/!*>,#/#0!-/8*06'(-;/!%#1!$+#1*!#/!,-#65*!0#'1:!,'1#$!(*6*!#1!/-9#1!%#!/-,0;2#/*!#Q-$,#/,#:!1'!&+6#%'%!
0#1',-9':! ,#65#0',+0':! #/,0#! *,0*$K! $+! +$*! /*! $#! &'! 6'$-8-('%*! 5*0! $+! (*651#7*! 3! (*$,*$*! 6+#$,0#*:! 5*0! 1'!
('/,-%'%!%#!&*0'$!%#!,0'>'7*!#/!('65*!0#4+#0-%'$!5'0'!,#/#0!-/8*06'(-;/!50#(-$'!%#!,*%*!#1!,#00#/*:!$-#/%*!+/'!
1'>*0!%-8L(-1!%#!0#'1-.'0!#/!(+1,-9*$!#Q,#/$-9*$!AT##1'/!#,!'1<:!EFFeI<!=$,#!,-5*!%#!,#(/*1*2L'!#/,0#2'!-/8*06'(-;/!
50#(-$'! 4+#! 5+#%#! $#0! 0#1#9'/,#! 5'0'! 2'0'/,-.'0! 1'! #8-(-#/(-'! %#1! (+1,-9*:! 1*20'/%*!6'Q-6-.'0! 1'$! +,-1-%'%#$!
#(*/;6-('$!%#1!'20-(+1,*0!AD'(0'#:!_<:!\'O#0:!Z<:!X!Z&*65$*/:!B<:!EFEGI<<!!!
=1!,#0(#0!6?,*%*!#$!#1!+$*!%#!+/-%'%#$!'?0#'$!/*!,0-5+1'%'$!AdBfI:!*!%0*/#$:!5'0'!6#%-0!1'$!(*/%-(-*/#$!%#1!
#$,'%*!%#1!,#00#/*!3!%#1!(+1,-9*<!=$,#!,-5*!%#!,#(/*1*2L'!&'!2'/'%*!-65*0,'/(-'!#/!1'!'20-(+1,+0'!%#!50#(-$-;/!5*0!
$+!9#0$',-1-%'%:!#8-(-#/(-'!3!%#$#65#)*!#/!1'!,*6'!%#!-/8*06'(-;/!50*9#/-#/,#!%#1!(+1,-9*K!(*6*!1'!('/,-%'%!%#!
6'1#.'!#Q-$,#/,#!5*0!6#,0*!(+'%0'%*!A6EI:!-/8#$,'(-;/!%#!-/$#(,*$:!%#8-(-#/(-'!%#!/+,0-#/,#$:!&+6#%'%!3!%#6@$!
(*/%-(-*/#$!%#1!$+#1*!AP&'/2!X!N*9'($:!EFGEI<!
=$,'!-/9#$,-2'(-;/!$#!(#/,0'!#/!#1!'/@1-$-$!%#1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!(*6*!&#00'6-#/,'!5'0'!1'!'%4+-$-(-;/!%#!-/8*06'(-;/!
8-,*$'/-,'0-'! %#! 1'$! 51'/,'$! 3! (*/,0*1! %#! 51'2'$:! 6'1#.'$! 3! &+6#%'%! %#1! (+1,-9*:! #/! '0'$! %#! %#6*$,0'0! 1'!
0#/,'>-1-%'%!8-/'/(-#0'!4+#!#$,*$!#4+-5*$!5+#%#/!>0-/%'0!'!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$!Ab0-6-(#0-*!#,!'1<:!EFGEI<!J*$!%0*/#$:!
* +/-%'%#$! '?0#'$! /*! ,0-5+1'%'$! AdBfI:! &'/! 9#/-%*! 2'/'/%*! ,#00#/*! #/! #1! 1#9'/,'6-#/,*! %#! 6'5'$
#$5#(,0*20@8-(*$!%#!(+1,-9*$!5*0!1'!8'(-1-%'%!3!#(*/*6L'!4+#!50#$#/,'/!5'0'!0#'1-.'0!%-(&'!1'>*0:!(*6*!1*!6+#$,0'
"*%%'6'/-!#,!'1<!AEFEFI:!%*/%#!$#!5+#%#!9#0!1'!#8-(-#/(-'!%#!#$,*$!#4+-5*$!,#(/*1;2-(*$!'!1'!&*0'!%#!6*/-,*0#'0
3!(*/,0*1'0!,#00#/*$!*!$#6>0'%L*$!AS+.6@/!S'0(L'!#,!'1<:!EFGHI<
1.1. Agricultura de Precisión
J'!B20-(+1,+0'!%#!b0#(-$-;/!ABbI:!/'(#!(*6*!+/'!/#(#$-%'%!%#!(*/,0*1'0!(+1,-9*$!#Q,#/$-9*$!#/!1*$!(+'1#$!$#!&'(#!
%-8L(-1! #1! '((#$*! '! ,*%*$! 3! ('%'! +/*! %#! 1*$! 6#,0*$! (+'%0'%*$! A6EI! %#! ,#00#/*! 4+#! %#>#/! $#0! 9-2-1'%*$!
(*/$,'/,#6#/,#! 5'0'! #1! (*/,0*1! %#! 51'2'$:! -/8#$,'(-*/#$! %#! 6'1#.'$:! ('/,-%'%#$! %#! /+,0-#/,#$:! /-9#1#$! %#!
/-,0;2#/*:!*QL2#/*!3!'2+':!#$,*!(*/!#1!8-/!%#!6'Q-6-.'0!1'!50*%+((-;/!3!#9-,'0!5?0%-%'$!#(*/;6-('$!'1!'20-(+1,*0!
3!6'/,#/#0!+/'!>+#/'!'06*/L'!(*/!#1!'6>-#/,#!(-0(+/%'/,#!'1!(+1,-9*!AY'7-:!EFG]I<!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 90
J*$!(+1,-9*$!#Q,#/$-9*$!'!/-9#1!6+/%-'1!#$,@/!0#1'(-*/'%*$!(*/!1'!$-#6>0'!%#!(#0#'1#$:!'12*%;/:!('+(&*:!80+,'1#$:!
9-)#%*$:!#/,0#!*,0*$:!$-#/%*!1*$!(+1,-9*$!%#!(#0#'1#$!1*$!4+#!2#/#0'/!6'3*0!-65'(,*!#(*/;6-(*!'!/-9#1!6+/%-'1<!
=$,'%*$!d/-%*$!#$!#1!6@$!20'/%#!50*%+(,*0!3!#Q5*0,'%*0!%#!6'L.:!(*$#(&'/%*!+/!50*6#%-*!%#!EFF!6-11*/#$!%#!
,*/#1'%'$!'/+'1#$!3!#Q5*0,'/%*!#1!EFg!%#!$+!50*%+((-;/!AT#2+0':!EFEGI<!
=1!'00*.!#$!(*/$-%#0'%*!#1!(+1,-9*!6@$!-65*0,'/,#!%#1!6+/%*K!'%#6@$!%#!$#0!+/!50*%+(,*!>@$-(*:!(*6*!#1!6'L.:!
5*$##!1'!6'3*0!#Q,#/$-;/!%#!,-#00'!(+1,-9'%'!3!#1!6'3*0!/U6#0*!%#!5#0$*/'$!%#%-('%'$!'!$+!50*%+((-;/<!R'$-!#1!
^Fg!%#!1'!5*>1'(-;/!6+/%-'1!%#5#/%#!%#1!'00*.!(*6*!5'0,#!-65*0,'/,#!%#!$+!%-#,'K!#1!(*/$+6*!per cápita!
6+/%-'1:!5'0'!EFGG:!#$,+9*!'10#%#%*0!%#!1*$!`^!O-1*20'6*$!AD*&'/,3:!EFGeI<!
b*0!,*%*!1*!6#/(-*/'%*!'/,#0-*06#/,#:!6#7*0'0!1'$!50@(,-('$!3!+,-1-.'0!,#(/*1*2L'!#/!#$,*$!(+1,-9*$!$#!&'(#!
-65#0',-9*:!3'!4+#!1'!50*%+((-;/!'!/-9#1!6+/%-'1!%#!#$,#!(#0#'1!$#!2#/#0'!#/!GGe!5'L$#$:!(*/!+/!/-9#1!%#!
50*%+((-;/:!$#2U/!1*!#$,-6'%*!5*0!#1!"#5'0,'6#/,*!%#!B20-(+1,+0'!%#!=$,'%*$!d/-%*$!AdT"BI!5'0'!1'!('65')'!
EFG`hEFGW:!%#!iHG:^!6-11*/#$!%#!,*/#1'%'$<!T#2U/!\#0/'0%-!AEFGWI!1'!6'3*0!50*%+((-;/!%#!'00*.!#/!B6?0-('!1'!
,-#/#!\0'$-1:!(*/!Ge!6-11*/#$!%#!,*/#1'%'$K!1#!$-2+#!=$,'%*$!d/-%*$:!(*/!GF!6-11*/#$!%#!,*/#1'%'$K!3!#/!,#0(#0!
1+2'0!#$,@/!b#0U!3!R*1*6>-':!(*/!e!6-11*/#$!%#!,*/#1'%'$:!0#$5#(,-9'6#/,#<!!
1.2. Descripción del entorno
=1!#$,+%-*!%#!('$*!4+#!$#!'/'1-.'!#/!#$,#!%*(+6#/,*!$#!&'(#!#/!#1!6+/-(-5-*!%#!Z0-/-%'%:!%#5'0,'6#/,*!%#!
R'$'/'0#:!R*1*6>-':!#/!(+1,-9*$!#Q,#/$-9*$!%#!'00*.!paddy<! [#9-$'/%*!%',*$!%#!1'!V#%#0'(-;/!Y'(-*/'1!%#!
B00*(#0*$!AV#%#'00*.:!EFEEI:!$#!5+#%#!*>$#09'0!4+#!#/!#1!%#5'0,'6#/,*!%#!R'$'/'0#!$#!(+1,-9;!GW^<eH]!
&#(,@0#'$!%#!'00*.:!%#!1'$!eH^<W]G!&#(,@0#'$!4+#!$#!(+1,-9'0*/!#/!R*1*6>-'!#/!#1!$#2+/%*!$#6#$,0#!#/!#1!')*!
EFEG:!$-#/%*!#1!50-6#0!%#5'0,'6#/,*!(*/!6'3*0!#Q,#/$-;/!%#!,#00#/*!5'0'!(+1,-9*$!%#!'00*.!%#1!5'L$:!(*/!i^:^!
g!%#1!,*,'1!/'(-*/'1K!#$,*!%#6+#$,0'!#1!-65'(,*!4+#!,-#/#/!1*$!(+1,-9*$!%#!'00*.!#/!1'!#(*/*6L'!%#5'0,'6#/,'1!
3!1'!/#(#$-%'%!%#!-65+1$'0!#1!(0#(-6-#/,*!%#1!$#(,*0<!=1!(#/$*!0#'1-.'%*!5*0!V="=B[[jP!#/!#1!$#2+/%*!$#6#$,0#!
EFEG:!6+#$,0'!+/'!50*%+((-;/!%#!E<E^H<]E`!,*/#1'%'$!%#!'00*.!6#('/-.'%*!#/!,*%*!#1!,#00-,*0-*!/'(-*/'1K!#1!
'00*.!6#('/-.'%*!#$!#/!#1!4+#!$#!+,-1-.'/!6@4+-/'$!5'0'!$+!50*%+((-;/:!3'!$#'!,0'(,*0#$:!(*6>-/'%'$:!6@4+-/'$!
%#!0-#2*!3!%0*/#$<!=$!1'!50-/(-5'1!8*06'!%#!50*%+((-;/!%#!'00*.!#/!#1!5'L$!3!1'!4+#!50*%+(#!1'!6'3*0!('/,-%'%!%#!
50*%+(,*!AV#%#'00*.:!EFEEI.
T#2U/!%',*$!#/,0#2'%*$!5*0!#1!D-/-$,#0-*!%#!B20-(+1,+0'!AEFG`I:!1*$!(+1,-9*$!%#!'00*.!#/!R*1*6>-'!$#!+>-('/!#/!
EGG!6+/-(-5-*$:!%-9-%-%*$!#/!(-/(*!.*/'$!%#!50*%+((-;/!(+3'$!#(*/*6L'$!%#5#/%#/!#/!+/!]Fg!%#!1'!'(,-9-%'%!
'00*(#0'<!=1!$#(,*0!#$,@!-/,#20'%*!5*0!G`<eWH!50*%+(,*0#$:!0#+/-%*$!#/!E^<E``!+/-%'%#$!%#!50*%+((-;/!'20L(*1'<!
=1!'00*.!#$!%#!20'/!-65*0,'/(-'!5'0'!1*$!&*2'0#$!%#!R*1*6>-':!5'0,-(-5'!(*/!#1!G!g!#/!1'!('/'$,'!8'6-1-'0:!$#2U/!
%',*$!%#1!"BY=!AEFG`I:!3!#$!#1!$#2+/%*!'1-6#/,*!%#!6'3*0!5#$*!#/!#1!_bR!(*/!#1!G:W^g!%#$5+?$!%#!1'!('0/#K!%#!
1'$!(-/(*!.*/'$!50*%+(,*0'$:!R'$'/'0#!#$!1'!4+#!(+#/,'!(*/!1'!6'3*0!('/,-%'%!%#!&#(,@0#'$!$#6>0'%'$k!#/!#1!
50-6#0!$#6#$,0#!%#1!')*!EFEE:!#$'!.*/'!(+1,-9;!G`F<`E`!&#(,@0#'$!%#!'00*.!%#!1'$!e^W<`]i!&#(,@0#'$!4+#!$#!
$#6>0'0*/!#/!R*1*6>-'K! #$,*!#$!#1!ii:]!g!%#1!,*,'1!/'(-*/'1:!(*6*!1*!6+#$,0'!#1!\*1#,L/!Z?(/-(*!=/(+#$,'!
Y'(-*/'1!%#!B00*.!D#('/-.'%*!A=YBDI:!2#/#0'%*!5*0!1'!"_BY!3!V="=B[[jP!A"BY=:!EFEE).
"#!'(+#0%*!'!1*$!%',*$!%#1!%#1!>*1#,L/!=YBD!A"BY=:!EFEEI:!#/!R'$'/'0#!$#!0#%+7*!1'!50*%+((-;/!%#!'00*.!paddy!
9#0%#!#/!#1!50-6#0!$#6#$,0#!%#!EFEE!#/!+/!Ei:H!g!0#$5#(,*!'1!50-6#0!$#6#$,0#!%#!EFEG:!'1!5'$'0!%#!GF]<iG`!
,*/#1'%'$:!#/!#1!50-6#0!$#6#$,0#!%#!EFEG:!'!WH<e^`!,*/#1'%'$!#/!#1!50-6#0!$#6#$,0#!%#!EFEE<!=$,'$!8+#0*/!eG<F`F!
,*/#1'%'$!6#/*$<!=1!0#/%-6-#/,*!%#!50*%+((-;/!4+#!$#!2#/#0'!5*0!&#(,@0#'!,'6>-?/!6+#$,0'!+/'!%-$6-/+(-;/:!
5'$'/%*!%#!^:He!,h&'!'!^:``!,h&':!(*/!+/'!0#%+((-;/!%#1!E:]!g!#/!#1!6-$6*!5#0-*%*<!
B1!(*65'0'0!#1!0#/%-6-#/,*!4+#!$#!*>,-#/#!5*0!&#(,@0#'!(*/!*,0*$!%#5'0,'6#/,*$!50*%+(,*0#$!%#!'00*.:!$#!
5+#%#!*>$#09'0!4+#!R'$'/'0#!,-#/#!+/!6#/*0!0#/%-6-#/,*K!6-#/,0'$!4+#!Z*1-6'!50*%+(#!W:E]!,h&'!3!M+-1'!`:]!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 91
,h&':!R'$'/'0#!50*%+(#!^:He!,h&'!%#!'00*.!5*0!&#(,@0#'<!T-!$#!,-#/#!#/!(+#/,'!4+#!#$,#!%#5'0,'6#/,*!(+#/,'!(*/!
1'! 6'3*0! ('/,-%'%! %#! &#(,@0#'$! $#6>0'%'$! %#! '00*.! %#1! 5'L$! 3! $+! 0#/%-6-#/,*! /*! $#! '(#0('! '1! %#! *,0*$!
%#5'0,'6#/,*$:! $#! &'(#! #9-%#/,#! 4+#! $#! %#>#/! '/'1-.'0! 1*$! %-9#0$*$! 8'(,*0#$! 3! 5*$->1#$!('+$'$! %#! #$,'!
%-$6-/+(-;/!%#!50*%+((-;/:!5*0!1*!4+#!#$!/#(#$'0-*!'$#$*0'0!'!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$!#/!,*%*$!1*$!'$5#(,*$!0#8#0#/,#$!
'!$+!(+1,-9*:!(*6*!1'!6#7*0'!%#!1'$!50@(,-('$!'20*-/%+$,0-'1#$!4+#!$#!+,-1-.'/!#/!#1!6*6#/,*:!>+$('/%*!*>,#/#0!
1'!4+#!6#7*0!$#!'%'5,#!'!$+$!/#(#$-%'%#$!5'0'!'$L!5*%#0!*>,#/#0!+/!6'3*0!0#/%-6-#/,*!5*0!&#(,@0#'!%#!(+1,-9*K!
5'0'!#$,*!$#!%#>#!>+$('0!+/'!'((-;/!%-8#0#/(-'1!4+#!5#06-,'!(0#'0!9'1*0!'1!'20-(+1,*0!AZ'9#0/-$#:!EFG]I<!!
B1!6#7*0'0!1'!50*%+((-;/:!/*!$*1*!$#!-65'(,'/!1'$!8-/'/.'$!%#!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$!$-/*!4+#!$#!7'1*/'!1'!#(*/*6L'!
/'(-*/'1:!#9-,'/%*!4+#!$#!-65*0,#!'00*.!%#!*,0*$!5'L$#$!3!5#06-,-#/%*!,#/#0! +/! '+,*'>'$,#(-6-#/,*! %#!#$,#!
(#0#'1<! T#2U/! %',*$! %#! 1'!"_BY! AEFGHI!$#! -65*0,'0*/! GFE<HW]! ,*/#1'%'$! %#! '00*.:! 3! $#! 50#9?! 4+#! 5+#%'!
-/(0#6#/,'0$#!%#>-%*!'1!%#$6*/,#!5'+1',-/*!%#!1*$!'0'/(#1#$:!4+#!9'!%#$%#!'4+L!&'$,'!#1!EFeF<!T#2U/!%',*$!
$+6-/-$,0'%*$!5*0!#1!A"BY=:!EFG`I:!R*1*6>-'!50*%+(#!#1!]e!g!%#1!(*/$+6*!,*,'1!%#1!5'L$:!,#/-#/%*!4+#!-65*0,'0!
#1!Wg!0#$,'/,#!%#!5'L$#$!(*6*!=$,'%*$!d/-%*$!A50-/(-5'1!50*9##%*0I!3!b#0U<!T#!%#>#/!-651#6#/,'0!#$,0',#2-'$!
4+#!5#06-,'/!4+#!#1!'20*!#/!R*1*6>-'!$#!9+#19'!(*65#,-,-9*!3!4+#!5+#%'!'1('/.'0!$+!6'3*0!/-9#1!%#!50*%+((-;/:!
5'$'/%*!%#!$#0!+/!5'L$!-65*0,'%*0!%#!'00*.!'!+/!#Q5*0,'%*0<!=$,'$!#$,0',#2-'$!%#>#/!-0!%#!1'!6'/*!(*/!#1!+$*!%#!
1'!,#(/*1*2L'!3!+/'!>+#/'!51'/#'(-;/!'%6-/-$,0',-9':!(*6*!1*!%#6+#$,0'!"-'.!R'$,0*!AEFEFI!4+-#/!51'/,#'!4+#!
1'$! *02'/-.'(-*/#$! $#! #/80#/,'/! '1! 0#,*! %#! $#0! 6@$! (*65#,-,-9'$! '/,#! +/! #/,*0/*! ('%'! 9#.! 6@$! (*651#7*! 3!
,+0>+1#/,*:! %#! 6*%*! 4+#! #$,@/! 11'6'%'$! '! %#$'00*11'0! #$,0',#2-'$! 4+#! >+$4+#/! #Q51*,'0! '1! 6@Q-6*! $+$!
('0'(,#0L$,-('$!U/-('$:!5#06-,-?/%*1#$!6#7*0'0!'$L!$+$!0#$+1,'%*$!#650#$'0-'1#$<!
=1! +$*! -/'%#(+'%*! %#! &#0>-(-%'$! #! -/$#(,-(-%'$! #/! 1'! '20-(+1,+0'! *0-2-/'! ,'6>-?/! %-9#0$*$! 50*>1#6'$:! ,'/,*!
'6>-#/,'1#$!(*6*!#(*/;6-(*$:!1*$!(+'1#$!11#9'/!'!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$!'!2#/#0'0!5?0%-%'$!3!'8#(,'(-*/#$!'!1'!,-#00'!3!
'!(+1,-9*$!'1#%')*$<!=1!+$*!%#!(@6'0'$!6+1,-#$5#(,0'1#$!5'0'!%#,#((-;/!%#!6'1#.'$!3!51'2'$!%#!-/$#(,*$!#$!+/'!
&#00'6-#/,'!$*8-$,-('%':!U,-1!3!0@5-%'!5'0'!$*1+(-*/'0!#$,*$!-/(*/9#/-#/,#$!AM*/O'9''0'!#,!'1<:!EFGeI<!!
J'!,#1#%#,#((-;/:!1*$!6'5'$!6+1,-#$5#(,0'1#$!3!#1!+$*!%#!$#/$*0#$!$#!&'/!&#(&*!(*,-%-'/*$!#/!1'!'20-(+1,+0'!%#!
50#(-$-;/:!(*/!1*$!(+'1#$!$#!>+$('!,#/#0!-/8*06'(-;/!50#(-$'!%#!1*$!%-8#0#/,#$!(*65*/#/,#$!/+,0-(-*/'1#$!%#!1*$!
(+1,-9*$<!=$,'!-/8*06'(-;/!#$!,'>+1'%':!'/'1-.'%'!3!9-$+'1-.'%'!5'0'!1'!,*6'!%#!%#(-$-*/#$!'!1'!&*0'!%#!-/,#09#/-0!
1'!$-#6>0':!5'0'!50#%#(-0!#1!(*65*0,'6-#/,*!%#1!$+#1*:!#1!#$,'%*!%#!1'$!51'/,'$!3!%#8-/-0!#$,0',#2-'$!%#!0#2'%L*:!
8+6-2'(-;/!3!0#(*1#((-;/!%#!1'$!(*$#(&'$<!J*$!50-/(-5'1#$!+$*$!#/!1'!'20-(+1,+0'!%#!50#(-$-;/!$*/!#1!+$*!(*/,0*1'%*!
%#!&#0>-(-%'$!3!8+/2-(-%'$:!#1!'&*00*!%#!'2+'!3!1'!&+#11'!%#!('0>*/*!4+#!$#!50*%+(#!#/!,*%'$!1'$!#,'5'$!%#!1'!
50*%+((-;/!A\'00'.'!#,!'1<:!EFG]I<!
J'!0#9-$-;/!%#!1-,#0',+0'!$*>0#!#1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!#/!1'!'20-(+1,+0'!%#!50#(-$-;/!#$!#Q,#/$':!3!%#6+#$,0'!#1!-65'(,*!
5*$-,-9*!4+#!#$,*$!#4+-5*$!&'/!2#/#0'%*!#/!1'$!8-/'/.'$!%#!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$:!2#/#0'/%*!'&*00*!%#!,-#65*!#/!
50*(#$*$!%#!8+6-2'(-;/:!0#%+((-;/!%#!-/$+6*$:!-/(0#6#/,*!#/!1'!50*%+((-;/!%#!1*$!(+1,-9*$!3!%-$6-/+3#/%*!1'!
'8#(,'(-;/!'1!'6>-#/,#<!J*$!%0*/#$!$#!%#$#65#)'/!%#!8*06'!#8-('.:!6*$,0'/%*!$+!20'/!9#0$',-1-%'%!3!'%'5,'(-;/!
'!(+'14+-#0!,-5*!%#!,#00#/*!AS'0.;/!X!J+4+#:!EFGHI<!!
R*1*6>-'! 9-#/#! '%#1'/,'/%*! 50*20'6'$! %#! -/(#/,-9*$! #(*/;6-(*$! 5'0'! 1'! 6#7*0':! '%4+-$-(-;/! 3! +$*! %#! 1'!
,#(/*1*2L'!#/!1*$!(+1,-9*$!'20L(*1'$:!(*6*!#1!50*20'6'!%#!_/(#/,-9*!'!1'!R'5-,'1-.'(-;/![+0'1!A_R[I:!1-%#0'%*!5*0!#1!
D-/-$,#0-*!%#!B20-(+1,+0':!#1!(+'1!'5*3'!'!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$!5*0!6#%-*!%#!V_YBS[j<!=$,#!50*20'6'!(#/,0'!$+!'3+%'!
#/!%-8#0#/,#$!('65*$!%#!-/9#0$-;/:!(*6*!$*/k!'%#(+'(-;/!%#!,-#00'$:!\-*,#(/*1*2L':!$+6-/-$,0*!3!6'/#7*!%#1!
'2+':!(*650'!%#!6'4+-/'0-'!'20L(*1':!+$*!%#!,#(/*1*2L'!'20L(*1'!5'0'!1'!50*%+((-;/:!#/,0#!*,0'$!AD-/-$,#0-*!%#!
B20-(+1,+0':!EFEEI<!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 92
d/!#$,+%-*!0#'1-.'%*!5*0!Y',+!X!N+1O'0/-!AEFG`I!6+#$,0'!4+#!1'!'20-(+1,+0'!%#!50#(-$-;/!3!#1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!'3+%'!
'1! '20-(+1,*0! '!'%6-/-$,0'0! $+! ('65*! %#! (+1,-9*! (*/! 8'(-1-%'%! 3! 1->0#! %#! #$,0?$:! +,-1-.'/%*! i! 5'$*$! %#8-/-%*$k!
6*/-,*0#*:!6'5#*:!#9'1+'(-;/!3!'51-('(-;/:!%*/%#!('%'!+/*!%#>#!0#'1-.'0$#!#/!+/!(-(1*!#$5#(L8-(*!%#1!(+1,-9*!3!
+,-1-.'!+/!,-5*!%#!,#(/*1*2L'!'%'5,'%'!'!('%'!/#(#$-%'%<!
=1!6*/-,*0#*!$#!+,-1-.'!5'0'!$'>#0!1'$!(*/%-(-*/#$!%#1!('65*!3!$#!0#'1-.'!(*/!+/'!(@6'0'!6*/,'%'!#/!#1!%0*/<!J'!
(@6'0'! #$('/#'! #1! (+1,-9*! 3! 2#/#0'! +/! 6'5'! #$5#(,0'1! 4+#!6+#$,0'! 1'$! (*/%-(-*/#$! %#1! (+1,-9*K! (*/! #$,'!
-/8*06'(-;/! #1! '20-(+1,*0! $'>#! %;/%#! %#>#! '51-('0! 8+/2-(-%'$! *! &#0>-(-%'$!Ab**/'6! X! N&'/'6:! EFEFI<! J'!
#9'1+'(-;/!%#,#06-/'!(+@/,'$!9#(#$!3!#/!4+?!$-,-*$!$#!%#>#!'51-('0!'12U/!,-5*!%#!(*/,0*1:!*!$-!#$!/#(#$'0-*!9*19#0!
'!'51-('0!$#6-11'$!+!*,0*!-/$+6*<!J'$!(@6'0'$!5+#%#/!$#0!%#!%-9#0$*$!,-5*$!3!#$,@/!%#$,-/'%'$!'1!1#9'/,'6-#/,*!
%#!6'5'$K!1'$!6@$!+,-1-.'%'$!$*/!1'$!6+1,-#$5#(,0'1#$:!1'$!(+'1#$:!,'1!(*6*!$+!/*6>0#!1*!-/%-(':!5+#%#/!%#,#(,'0!
$-6+1,@/#'6#/,#! 9'0-*$! #$5#(,0*$! %#! 1+.K! (*6U/6#/,#! $#! +,-1-.'/! (@6'0'$! (*/! `! >'/%'$! #$5#(,0'1#$:! 4+#!
#/,0#2'/!-6@2#/#$!(*/!%-8#0#/,#$!L/%-(#$!%#!9#2#,'(-;/:!5#06-,-#/%*!$'>#0!4+?!,'/!$'1+%'>1#!#$,@!1'!51'/,':!3!
5'0'!%#,#06-/'0!#1!L/%-(#!%#!9#2#,'(-;/!AR'$,-11#7*!S*/.@1#.:!EFGGI<!!
b'0'!1*20'0!1*$!*>7#,-9*$!%#!%#,#((-;/!6#/(-*/'%*$:!!#$!/#(#$'0-*!(*6>-/'0!9'0-'$!>'/%'$!%#1!#$5#(,0*!9-$->1#!*!
-/9-$->1#!%#!1'$!(@6'0'$K!#$,*!$#!&'(#!(*/!*5#0'(-*/#$!6',#6@,-('$!4+#!(*6>-/'/!9'0-*$!('/'1#$!A0*7*:!9#0%#:!
'6'0-11*:!#/,0#!*,0*$I!3!#/,0#2'/!+/!$*1*!9'1*0K!(*/!#$,#!$#!5+#%#!$'>#0!1'!('/,-%'%!%#!(1*0*8-1'!4+#!&'3:!#1!/-9#1!
%#!&-%0','(-;/!3!1'!('/,-%'%!%#!&*7'$!4+#!,-#/#!1'!51'/,'<!=1!L/%-(#!6@$!(*/*(-%*!#$!#1!Y"f_!ANormalized Difference
Vegetación IndexI:!6#%-'/,#!#1!(+'1!!$#!5+#%#!('1(+1'0!#1!9-2*0!%#!1'!51'/,':!#$!%#(-0:!$+!#$,'%*!6#,'>;1-(*:!5#0*!
&'3!6+(&*$!*,0*$!L/%-(#$!4+#!$*/!%#!-/,#0?$:!(*6*k!SYf"_:![f_:!Sf_:!YS["_:![S:!TBf!A"L'.!S'0(L'CR#09-2;/:!
EFG^I<!
T*/!6+(&'$!1'$!9#/,'7'$!4+#!$#!,-#/#/!'1!+,-1-.'0!#$,#!,-5*!%#!,#(/*1*2L'!#/!1*$!(+1,-9*$!#Q,#/$-9*$:!#1!-65'(,*!
'6>-#/,'1!AT#/%#0!d0->#!#,!'1<:!EFGWI!:!1'!&+#11'!%#!('0>;/!Ac#>#0!D'0O+$:!EFG]I:!#1!-/(0#6#/,*!%#!1'$!+,-1-%'%#$!
5'0'!#1!'20-(+1,*0!AJ-/%>1*6!#,!'1<:!EFGWI:!,*%*!#$,*!$+6'%*!(*/11#9'!'!+/'!0#$5*/$'>-1-%'%!$*(-'1!3!#650#$'0-'1!
4+#!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$!%#>#/!(*/*(#0!3!'%*5,'0!#/!R*1*6>-'!AB18*/$*![*%0L2+#.:!EFGWI!:!#$'!0#$5*/$'>-1-%'%!(*/!
/+#$,0*$! ('65#$-/*$! 3! $+! (0#(-6-#/,*! #(*/;6-(*! #$! 1*! 4+#! 6*,-9'! #$,'! -/9#$,-2'(-;/:! 5'0'! #11*! $#! &'(#! +/!
#$,+%-*!%#!('$*!3!$#!%#6+#$,0'/!1*$!>+#/*$!0#$+1,'%*!4+#!$#!5+#%#/!*>,#/#0!'1!&'(#0!+$*!%#!8*06'!'%#(+'%'!
%#!#$,'!,#(/*1*2L'<!b'0'!-/-(-'0!'!#9'1+'0!1'!*5,-6-.'(-;/!8-/'/(-#0'!%#1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!#/!(+1,-9*$!#Q,#/$-9*$!%#!
'00*.!#/!#1!6+/-(-5-*!%#!Z0-/-%'%!R'$'/'0#!$#!%#>#!0#'1-.'0!+/!!'/@1-$-$!%#!1*$!%-8#0#/,#$!50*(#$*$!%#!8+6-2'(-;/!
+,-1-.'%*$!#/!#1!$#(,*0!3!(*65'0'01*!(*/!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!(*/!%0*/#$:!,'6>-?/!#$!/#(#$'0-*!11#9'0!'!('>*!+/!'/@1-$-$!
8-/'/(-#0*! 3! (*65'0',-9*! %#! 8*06'$! %#! 8+6-2'(-;/! 5'0'! %#,#06-/'0! 1*$! -/20#$*$! 3! (*$,*$! *5#0'(-*/'1#$! 5*0!
&#(,@0#'!%#!(+1,-9*:!#$,'>1#(#0!3!'/'1-.'0!1*$!0#$+1,'%*$!%#!1*$!-/%-('%*0#$!8-/'/(-#0*$!%#1!(+1,-9*!%#!'00*.!#/!#1!
6+/-(-5-*!%#!Z0-/-%'%!:!'1!0#'1-.'0!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!,0'%-(-*/'1!3!8+6-2'(-;/!(*/!%0*/#$<!
b'0'!#1!(+651-6-#/,*!%#!1*$!*>7#,-9*$!51'/,#'%*$:!$#!,*6'0*/!#/!(+#/,'!1*$!%',*$!4+#!#1!(+1,-9'%*0!%#1!,#00#/*!
$+6-/-$,0;:!(*6*!$*/!#1!(*$,*!%#!8+6-2'(-;/!5*0!&#(,@0#'!%#!1'!'9-*/#,'!3!#1!(*$,*!%#!8+6-2'(-;/!5*0!&#(,@0#'!
%#!8*06'!6'/+'1:!%#!#$,*$!U1,-6*$:!$#!*>,+9*!+/!#$,-6'%*!%#!1*$!2'$,*$!%#!(*6>+$,->1#:!7*0/'1#$!3!#4+-5*$!5'0'!
5*%#0!,#/#0!+/!9'1*0!/#,*!'!(*65'0'0:!$#!#$,'>1#(-;!#1!(*$,*!%#!1'!+,-1-.'(-;/!%#1!%0*/!3!$#!%#,#06-/;!(+@1!#$!1'!
6#7*0!*5(-;/!#/!1'!0#1'(-;/!,#00#/*h,-#65*<!:!#9'1+'/%*!'$5#(,*$!#(*/;6-(*$!3!50*%+((-;/!5*0!&#(,@0#'<!T#!
'/'1-.'0*/!1*$!%',*$!$+6-/-$,0'%*$!5*0!#1!'20-(+1,*0!%#!1'!(*$#(&'!4+#!*>,+9*!#/!#$#!6-$6*!,#00#/*!#/!1'!$-#6>0'!
'/,#0-*0!0#'1-.'%'!#/!#1!$#2+/%*!$#6#$,0#!%#!EFEG<!!
2. Metodología
J'!6#,*%*1*2L'!+,-1-.'%'!#/!#$,#!#$,+%-*!#$!1'!-/9#$,-2'(-;/!#$,+%-*!%#!('$*:!4+#!!(*6*!1*!#Q50#$'!$+!%#8-/-(-;/!
l#$!+/'!-/9#$,-2'(-;/!#65L0-('!4+#!#$,+%-'!+/!8#/;6#/*!(*/,#65*0@/#*!%#/,0*!%#!$+!(*/,#Q,*!%#!1'!9-%'!0#'1:!
#$5#(-'16#/,#!(+'/%*!1*$!1L6-,#$!#/,0#!#1!8#/;6#/*!3!$+!(*/,#Q,*!/*!$*/!(1'0'6#/,#!#9-%#/,#$!Am'(+..-:!EFF^I<!
=$,#!,-5*!%#!-/9#$,-2'(-;/!5#06-,#!&'(#0!+/!'/@1-$-$!%#!+/!('$*!#/!#$5#(L8-(*!#/!#1!(+'1!$#!0#1'(-*/#!1'!#Q5#0-#/(-'!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 93
(*/!1'!,#*0L'<!=1!,#00#/*!'/'1-.'%*!#$,@!+>-('%*!#/!1'!9#0#%'!#1!(*/9#/,*:!6+/-(-5-*!%#!Z0-/-%'%:!!R'$'/'0#:!#$!
+/'!#Q,#/$-;/!%#!iW!&#(,@0#'$!(*/!'2+'!50*5-'!1*!4+#!1*!&'(#!'5,*!5'0'!#1!(+1,-9*!%#!'00*.!5'%%3<!!=$,#!,#00#/*!
$#!&'!+$'%*!5'0'!$#6>0'0!'00*.!%#$%#!?5*('$!5'$'%'$!50#$#/,'/%*!+/!(*65*0,'6-#/,*!(*/$,'/,#!%#!50*%+((-;/!
'!1*!1'02*!%#!$+!,0'3#(,*0-'<!!
2.1. Métodos de investigación
T#!#651#'0*/!1*$!6?,*%*$!%#$(0-5,-9*$!3!6-Q,*<!=1!6?,*%*!%#$(0-5,-9*!51'/,#'!(*/!%#,'11#$!1'!8*06'!#/!4+#!$#!
&'! 11#9'%*! '! ('>*! 1'! -/9#$,-2'(-;/<! b#06-,#! #Q51-('0! 3! 9'1-%'0! 1*$! 0#$+1,'%*$:! -/(*05*0'/%*!'%-(-*/'16#/,#! 1'!
%#$(0-5(-;/!3!1'$!>'$#$!%#!1'$!%#(-$-*/#$!6#,*%*1;2-('$!,*6'%'$!%#!'(+#0%*!(*/!#1!,#6'!%#!-/9#$,-2'(-;/<!=1!
6?,*%*!%#$(0-5,-9*!>+$('!+/!(*/*(-6-#/,*!-/-(-'1!%#!1'!0#'1-%'%!4+#!$#!50*%+(#!%#!1'!*>$#09'(-;/!%-0#(,'!%#1!
-/9#$,-2'%*0!3!%#1!(*/*(-6-#/,*!4+#!$#!*>,-#/#!6#%-'/,#!1'!1#(,+0'!*!#$,+%-*!%#!1'$!-/8*06'(-*/#$!'5*0,'%'$!5*0!
*,0*$!'+,*0#$<!T#!0#8-#0#!'!+/!6?,*%*!(+3*!*>7#,-9*!#$!#Q5*/#0!(*/!#1!6'3*0!0-2*0!6#,*%*1;2-(*:!-/8*06'(-;/!
$-2/-8-(',-9'!$*>0#!1'!0#'1-%'%!#/!#$,+%-*!(*/!1*$!(0-,#0-*$!#$,'>1#(-%*$!5*0!1'!'('%#6-'<!AJ+-$:!EFG^I<!!
=1!6?,*%*!6-Q,*!(*/$-$,#!#/!0#(*5-1'0:!'/'1-.'0!#!-/,#20'0!,'/,*!-/9#$,-2'(-;/!(+'/,-,',-9'!(*6*!(+'1-,',-9'<!T#!
+,-1-.'!(+'/%*!$#!0#4+-#0#!+/'!6#7*0!(*650#/$-;/!%#1!50*>1#6'!%#!-/9#$,-2'(-;/<!b'0'!R0#$n#11!#,!'1<!AEFF`I:!l1*$!
6?,*%*$!6-Q,*$!$*/!+/'!#$,0',#2-'!%#!-/9#$,-2'(-;/!*!6#,*%*1*2L'!(*/!1'!(+'1!#1!-/9#$,-2'%*0!*!1'!-/9#$,-2'%*0'!
0#(*1#(,':! '/'1-.'! 3! 6#.(1'! A-/,#20'! *! (*/#(,'I! %',*$! (+'/,-,',-9*$! 3! (+'1-,',-9*$! #/! +/! U/-(*! #$,+%-*! *! +/!
50*20'6'!6+1,-8'$#!%#!-/%'2'(-;/o<!=1!6?,*%*!6-Q,*!5#06-,#!0#(*5-1'0!-/8*06'(-;/!%#!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$!$*>0#!$+$!
#Q5#0-#/(-'$!3!$+$!8*06'$!%#!(+1,-9'0:!%'/%*!+/'!9-$-;/!5'0,-(+1'0!#/!('%'!('$*K!'$L:!$#!5+#%#/!(*/*(#0!%-8#0#/,#$!
,?(/-('$! 3! (*$,+6>0#$! +$'%'$! ,0'%-(-*/'16#/,#<! =$'! -/8*06'(-;/! $#! (*65'0'! (*/! 1'! 4+#! $#! #/(+#/,0'! #/! 1'!
1-,#0',+0'!3!$#!'/'1-.'!4+#!,?(/-('$!$#!5+#%#/!'51-('0<!
2.2. Fases de la investigación
b'0'! #$,'! -/9#$,-2'(-;/! $#! 51'/,#'0*/! i! 8'(,*0#$! %#,#06-/'/,#$! %#! (*65'0'(-;/! 1*$! (+'1#$! $*/k! '&*00*! %#!
50*%+(,*!*!!-/$+6*!'!+,-1-.'0:!#$,#!L,#6!#$!0#1#9'/,#!%#>-%*!'!1*$!(*$,*$!%#!%-(&*$!-/$+6*$:!1*$!(+'1#$!-65'(,'/!
%#!6'/#0'!$-2/-8-(',-9'!#1!>*1$-11*!%#!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$K!#1!$#2+/%*!8'(,*0!#$!1'!5?0%-%'!5*0!'$5#0$-;/!4+#!2#/#0'!
+/!-/(0#6#/,*!#/!1*$!50*%+(,*$!'20*4+L6-(*$!+$'%*$!4+#!%#0-9'/!#/!0#8+6-2'(-*/:!#1!(+'1!#$!#1!,#0(#0!8'(,*0!'!
0#9-$'0K!1'!0#8+6-2'(-*/!$#!%'!(+'/%*!$#!%#>#/!9*19#0!'!8+6-2'0!(-#0,'$!.*/'$!%#1!(+1,-9*!#/!1'!4+#!/*!$#!&-.*!1'!
'$5#0$-;/!%#!6'/#0'!&*6*2?/#'!*!4+#!5*0!1'!8*06'!%#!8+6-2'(-;/!+,-1-.'%'!/*!1*20;!(+651-0!#1!*>7#,-9*!%#!
(*/,0*1! *! %#! 8#0,-1-.'(-;/K! #1! (+'0,*! 8'(,*0! #$! #1! '&*00*! %#1! '2+'! 4+#:! '+/4+#! /*! $#! 9#! (*6*! +/! 8'(,*0!
%#,#06-/'/,#!!#/!,#6'$!%#!'&*00*!#(*/;6-(*!%#>-%*!'1!>'7*!50#(-*!%#1!'2+'!#/!$#(,*0#$!0+0'1#$:!$-!,#06-/'!
$-#/%*!%#(-$-9*!(+'/%*!$#!1#!'$*(-'/!(*$,*$!%#!,0'$1'%*!%#1!'2+':!'%4+-$-(-;/!0#(-5-#/,#$:!+$*!%#!6'4+-/'0-'!5'0'!
,0'$1'%'01':!6'/*!%#!*>0'!3!%#6@$!2'$,*$!'$*(-'%*$!'!%-(&'!1'>*0<!
J'$!8'$#$!%#!1'!-/9#$,-2'(-;/!$#!51'/#'0*/!3!#7#(+,'0*/!5'0'!%'0!(+651-6#/,*!'!1*$!*>7#,-9*$!,0'.'%*$k!
B< T#!0#'1-.'0*/!('0'(,#0-.'(-*/#$!%#!1*$!%-8#0#/,#$!50*(#$*$!%#!8+6-2'(-;/!+,-1-.'%*$!#/!#1!$#(,*0!%#!1*$!(+1,-9*$
#Q,#/$-9*$<
J'!('0'(,#0-.'(-;/!%#!1*$!50*(#$*$!$#!0#'1-.;!#/!('65*:!*>$#09'/%*!#1!(*65*0,'6-#/,*!%#!('%'!+/*:!5'0'!1'!
8+6-2'(-;/!6'/+'1!$#!'/'1-.;!#1!-65'(,*!%#!,-#65*!3!1*2L$,-('!4+#!$#!%#>#!,#/#0!#/!(+#/,':!1'!50#5'0'(-;/!%#!
1*$!-/$+6*$:!1'!(*/$#(+(-;/!%#1!'2+'!5'0'!1'!%-$*1+(-;/!%#!1*$!50*%+(,*$!4+L6-(*$!5'0'!1'!6#.(1':!1*$!%-8#0#/,#$!
#4+-5*$!4+#!-/,#09-#/#/!#/!1'!1'>*0!3!1'!6'/*!%#!*>0'!4+#!%#>#!#$,'0!%-$5*/->1#K!#/!#1!('$*!%#!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!(*/!
'9-*/#,':!$#!'/'1-.;!1'!%-$5*/->-1-%'%!%#!1'$!#650#$'$!4+#!50#$,'/!#1!$#09-(-*:!$+$!(*$,*$!'$*(-'%*$!3!$+!,-#65*!
%#!8+6-2'(-;/!5*0!&#(,@0#':!'%#6@$!%#!$+!-65'(,*!'!(+1,-9*$!*!$-#6>0'$!'1#%')*$<!
\< [#'1-.'(-;/!%#!+/!#$,+%-*! %#! 6?,*%*$!3! ,-#65*$!5'0'! %#,#06-/'0!1*$!-/20#$*$!3!(*$,*$!*5#0'(-*/'1#$! 5*0
&#(,@0#'!%#!(+1,-9*:!#/!#$,#!*>7#,-9*!$#!0#$+6#!,*%*!#1!50*(#$*!4+#!$#!11#9;!'!('>*!%+0'/,#!('$-!$-#,#!AWI!6#$#$
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 94
%#! #$,+%-*:! #9'1+'/%*! 0#$+1,'%*$! %#! 1'! +,-1-.'(-;/! %#! %0*/#$! #/! (+1,-9*$! #Q,#/$-9*$! %#! '00*.! 3! #1! '/@1-$-$!
(*65'0',-9*!#/,0#!1'!+,-1-.'(-;/!%#!#$,#!6?,*%*!3!1*$!6?,*%*$!'(,+'1#$:!(*6*!$*/!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!(*/!'9-*/#,'!*!
1'!8+6-2'(-;/!6'/+'1<!
T#!-/-(-;!%#$%#!1'!#,'5'!%#!'1-$,'6-#/,*!%#1!,#00#/*:!%*/%#!$#!'51-(;!21-8*$',*!5'0'!#1-6-/'0!1'!6'1#.'!#Q-$,#/,#:!
#$,#!50*%+(,*!$*1*!$#!+,-1-.'!'1!-/-(-*!3!#$!#$5#(L8-(*!5'0'!#1-6-/'0!6'1#.'!3!'1-$,'0!#1!,#00#/*!5'0'!1'!$-#6>0':!d/'!
9#.!$#!'1-$,'!1'!.*/'!3!$#!#$5'0(#!1'!$#6-11'!5*0!,*%'!#1!@0#'!$#!-/-(-'!#1!50*(#$*!%#!(*/,0*1!%#!51'2'$!3!6'1#.'$:!
(-(1*!8+/%'6#/,'1!%#1!(+1,-9*:!4+#!9'!'!%#,#06-/'0!#1!9*1+6#/!%#!50*%+((-;/!5*0!&#(,@0#'<!T-!$#!1#!2'0'/,-.'!'!1'!
$#6-11'!$+$!(*/%-(-*/#$!-%#'1#$:!#$,'$!/*!$*1*!9'/!'!'%'5,'0$#!>-#/!'1!,#00#/*:!$-/*!4+#!9'/!'!(0#(#0!6#7*0!3!6@$!
0@5-%*!#/!,*%'!1'!#Q,#/$-;/!$#6>0'%'K!5'0'!#$,*:!$#!+,-1-.'0*/!%-9#0$*$!50*%+(,*$!4+#!9-#/#/!'!(*/,0*1'0!'$5#(,*$!
#$5#(L8-(*$!%#1!(+1,-9*:!(*6*!6'1#.'$:!&*7':!#$5-2'!3!1'!8#0,-1-.'(-;/<!=$!6+3!(*6U/!'51-('0!%-9#0$*$!50*%+(,*$!
6#.(1'%*$!#/!('/,-%'%#$!#$5#(L8-('$K!#$,'$!6#.(1'$!1'$!#/,0#2'!+/!'20;/*6*!>'$@/%*$#!#/!#1!(-(1*!#/!4+#!$#!
#/(+#/,0'!#1!(+1,-9*!A'00*.I!3!#1!,-#65*!%#!2#06-/'(-;/<!=$,#!50*(#$*!%#!8+6-2'(-;/!$#!%#>#!0#'1-.'0!%#!i!'!^!
9#(#$!#/!,*%*!#1!50*(#$*!%#!$-#6>0'!&'$,'!1'!(*$#(&'!'51-('/%*!%-8#0#/,#$!50*%+(,*$!(*6*!T'/7+'/#0*:!M+6+$:!
\-/:!R*0'2#/:!BQ-$:!Y',+0'1!j-1:!#/,0#!*,0*$<!!J'!('/,-%'%!%#!9#(#$!4+#!$#!/#(#$-,'!8+6-2'0!3!'>*/'0!!%#5#/%#0@!
%#1!(*65*0,'6-#/,*!%#1!(+1,-9*:!$-!#$,#:!#/!#1!U1,-6*!,0'6*:!,-#/#!#1!(*65*0,'6-#/,*!%#$#'%*!3!/*!&'3!0'$,0*$!
%#!-/$#(,*$! *!6'1#.'! /*!#$! /#(#$'0-*! 8+6-2'01*:!#9-,'/%*! +/!2'$,*!'%-(-*/'1!#/! -/$+6*$! 3!6'/*! %#!*>0'! '1!
'20-(+1,*0<!
Figura 1
Trazado programado en el dron
Fuente: Elaboración propia
Figura 2
Estudio del terreno
Fuente: Elaboración propia
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 95
=/!1'$!8-2+0'$!G!3!E!$#!5+#%#!9#0!(;6*!#$!#1!50*(#$*!4+#!$#!0#'1-.'!5'0'!50*20'6'0!#1!0#(*00-%*!%#1!%0*/!#/!#1!
(+1,-9*K!$#!+>-('!#$5'(-'16#/,#!#1!,#00#/*:!$#!%#8-/#/!1*$!1L6-,#$!3!$#!'(*,'!#1!#$5'(-*!'!8+6-2'0K!$-!&'3!'12U/!
*>$,@(+1*! 4+#! #1! %0*/! /*! 5+#%'! $+5#0'0:! $#! %#8-/#! (*/! (**0%#/'%'$! 3! $#! 50*20'6'! #1! 0#(*00-%*<! J'$! 1L/#'$!
'6'0-11'$!6+#$,0'/!#1!0#(*00-%*!4+#!$#!9'!'!0#'1-.'0!#/!,*%'!1'!#Q,#/$-;/!50*20'6'%':!6'0('/%*!#1!5+/,*!-/-(-'1:!
#1!5+/,*!8-/'1!3!1'!('/,-%'%!%#!,#00#/*!$#1#((-*/'%*K!#$,'!-/8*06'(-;/!#$!8+/%'6#/,'1!5'0'!$'>#0!1'!('/,-%'%!%#!
50*%+(,*!'!50#5'0'0!3!1'$!>',#0L'$!4+#!#1!%0*/!9'!'!+,-1-.'0!#/!$+!0#(*00-%*<!
R< =$,'>1#(-6-#/,*!3!'/@1-$-$!%#!1*$!0#$+1,'%*$!%#!1*$!-/%-('%*0#$!8-/'/(-#0*$!%#1!(+1,-9*!%#!'00*.!#/!#1!6+/-(-5-*
%#!Z0-/-%'%!R'$'/'0#:!(*/,0'$,'/%*!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!,0'%-(-*/'1!3!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!(*/!%0*/#$<
J'$!(*65'0'(-*/#$!%#!1*$!0#$+1,'%*$!$#!('1(+1'0*/!,#/-#/%*!#/!(+#/,'!1'$!5?0%-%'$!%#!50*%+(,*!4+#!$#!,-#/#/!#/!
1'!8*06'!%#!'51-('(-;/!%#!('%'!+/*:!3!%#5#/%-#/%*!%#1!(*/,0*1!4+#!$#!,#/2'!4+#!0#'1-.'0:!$-!#$!8+6-2'(-;/!5'0'!
&*7':!#$5-2'!*!6'1#.':!('%'!+/'!%#!#$,*$!#1#6#/,*$!0#4+-#0#!+/!,0','6-#/,*!#$5#(L8-(*:!(+'/%*!1'!&*7'!$#!9#!
'8#(,'%'!5*0!9-0+$!4+#!('6>-'/!$+!8*06'!3!(0#(-6-#/,*!%#>#!$#0!(*/,0*1'%'!%#!6'/#0'!0@5-%'!3!#8-(-#/,#!(*/!
/+,0-#/,#$!'!>'$#!%#!/-,0;2#/*!Ab?0#.!#,!'1<:!EFGHI:!1'$!#$5-2'$!$+80#/!%')*$!4+#!('6>-'/!$+!(*1*0:!!50#$#/,'/!
(*1*0'(-*/#$!*$(+0'$!#/!1*$!#/,0#/+%*$!3!6+#0,#!%#!1'$!9'-/'$!8*1-'0#$!Ab?0#.!#,!'1<:!EFGHI:!1'!6'1#.'!4+#!$*/!
/-(&*$!%#!51'/,'$!5'0@$-,'$!4+#!0*>'/!1*$!/+,0-#/,#$!'!1'$!51','$!3!#9-,'/!4+#!(0#.('/!%#!6'/#0'!;5,-6'!Ab?0#.!
#,!'1<:!EFGHI:!%#>#/!,0','0$#!(*/!8+/2-(-%'$!3!&#0>-(-%'$!%#!'1,#0/'%'!3!#/!$*1*!1*$!5+/,*$!'8#(,'%*$<!!d/'!9#.!
%#8-/-%*!#1!#1#6#/,*!'!(*/,0*1'0!$#!!50#(-$'!1'!('/,-%'%!%#!-/$+6*:!>'$'%*$!#/!+/'!(+09'!%#!'50#/%-.'7#!4+#!$#!
0#'1-.;!#/!+/!,#00#/*!%#!50+#>'<!=$!-65*0,'/,#!,#/#0!(1'0*!4+#!1*$!0#$+1,'%*$!$#!#/,0#2'0*/!#/!5*0(#/,'7#!3!/*!
#/!9'1*0!6*/#,'0-*:!5+#$!#$,#!5+#%#!9'0-'0!$#2U/!1'!6'0('!*!#1!-/$+6*!4+#!$#!'51-4+#<!
=/!#1!('$*!%#!#$,'!-/9#$,-2'(-;/:!$#!&-(-#0*/!i!'51-('(-*/#$!#/!#1!,0'$(+0$*!%#1!(+1,-9*:!(*/!+/'!$#5'0'(-;/!%#!
'10#%#%*0!%#!eF!%L'$!#/,0#!'51-('(-;/!3!'51-('(-;/<!R*6*!$#!%-7*!'/,#0-*06#/,#:!$#!&-.*!+/!#$,+%-*!%#!1'!('/,-%'%!
%#!8+/2-(-%'!3!&#0>-(-%'!4+#!$#!%#>L'!'51-('0:!'$L!(*6*!%#!1'!('/,-%'%!%#!'2+'!4+#!$#!/#(#$-,'>'!5'0'!&'(#0!1'!
%-1+(-;/<!
2.3. Técnicas para la recolección de información
T#!+,-1-.'0*/!8+#/,#$!50-6'0-'$!%#! #9-%#/(-':!(*6*! 1'!*>$#09'(-;/! %-0#(,'! 3!1'! #/,0#9-$,'!'! '20-(+1,*0#$!%#! 1'!
0#2-;/:!%*/%#!1'!#/,0#9-$,'!#$:!l#/!#$#/(-':!+/'!(*/9#0$'(-;/!>-#/!51'/-8-('%'<!=/!#11':!#1!-/9#$,-2'%*0!51'/,#'!
+/'!$#0-#!%#!50#2+/,'$!*!,#6'$!%#!%#>',#!'!+/'!*!9'0-'$!5#0$*/'$:!(*/!#1!8-/!%#!*>,#/#0!-/8*06'(-;/!#$5#(L8-('<!
b+#%#!0#'1-.'0$#!5#0$*/'16#/,#:!5*0!,#1?8*/*!*!%#!6'/#0'!9-0,+'1<!T-/!#6>'02*:!#/!'12+/*$!('$*$!#$!-65*0,'/,#!
1'!-/,#0'((-;/!5#0$*/'1!(*/!#1!#/,0#9-$,'%*:!5'0'!5*%#0!,*6'0!/*,'!%#!1'!-/8*06'(-;/!4+#!>0-/%'!1'!(*6+/-('(-;/!
/*!9#0>'1l!AR'01':!J<:!J3:!Z<:!_0#/#:!J<:!X!T-#$4+?/:!T<:!EFF^I!<!b*0!*,0*!1'%*:!1'!*>$#09'(-;/!#$!l+/'!,?(/-('!4+#!
(*/$-$,#!50#(-$'6#/,#!#/!*>$#09'0!#1!%#$'00*11*!%#1!8#/;6#/*!4+#!$#!%#$#'!'/'1-.'0<!=$,#!6?,*%*!5+#%#!+$'0$#!
5'0'!*>,#/#0!-/8*06'(-;/!(+'1-,',-9'!*!(+'/,-,',-9'!%#!'(+#0%*!(*/!#1!6*%*!#/!4+#!$#!0#'1-.'o!AR'01'!#,!'1<:!EFF^I<!
T#! '/'1-.'0*/! ,'6>-?/! 8+#/,#$! $#(+/%'0-'$! 5'0'! #1! %#$'00*11*! %#! 1'! -/9#$,-2'(-;/<! T#! %#8-/-;! 1'! #(+'(-;/! %#!
>U$4+#%':!1'!>'$#!%#!%',*$!'!+$'0:!+/!$*8,n'0#!%#!6-/#0L'!4+#!'2-1-(#!#/(*/,0'0!1'$!(*00#1'(-*/#$!3!+/!50*20'6'!
4+#!5#06-,'!&'(#0!'/@1-$-$!%#!(*/,#/-%*<!R*6*!#(+'(-;/!%#!>U$4+#%'!$#!+,-1-.;!1'!>'$#!%#!%',*$!c#>!j8!T(-#/(#!
$#2U/!1*$!$-2+-#/,#$!ZL,+1*$k!50#(-$-;/!B20-(+1,+0#!*0!'20-(+1,+0#!'/%!%0*/#$!*0!#Q,#/$-9#!'/%!(0*5$!*0!8-/'/(#!
'/%!#(*/*6-($:!0#8-/'%'!>'7*!1'!*5(-;/k!RBZ=Sj[pBT!"=!c=\!jV!TR_=YR=k!ABS[_RdJZd[=!DdJZ_"_TR_bJ_YB[m!
j[!=YS_Y==[_YS!=J=RZ[_RBJ!=J=RZ[jY_R!j[![=DjZ=!T=YT_YS!j[!BS[_RdJZd[BJ!=YS_Y==[_YS!j[!_DBS_YS!
TR_=YR=! bMjZjS[BbM_R! Z=RMYjJjSm! I:! %+0'/,#! #1! 5#0L*%*k! Z*%*$! 1*$! ')*$:! #9'1+'/%*! 1*$!p/%-(#$k! TR_C
=qbBY"=":!TTR_:!BXMR_:!=TR_<!!
R*/! ,*%*$! 1*$! '0,L(+1*$! #/(*/,0'%*$:! $#! +,-1-.;! #1! $*8,n'0#! %#! 6-/#0L'! f*$9-#n#0! 3! #1! $*8,n'0#! %#! '/@1-$-$!
(+'1-,',-9*!DBqr"B!5'0'!'/'1-.'0!W^!%*(+6#/,*$:!1*$!(+'1#$!'>*0%'/!#1!,#6'!%#$%#!%-8#0#/,#$!5#0$5#(,-9'$k!1'!
,#(/*1;2-(':!1'!$*$,#/->-1-%'%!'6>-#/,'1:!1'!'(#5,'(-;/!%#!1*$!50*%+(,*0#$!$*>0#!/+#9'$!,#(/*1*2L'$:!#1!-65'(,*!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 96
%#1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!*!Unmanned Aerial System!AdBTI:!1'!%-$6-/+(-;/!%#1!+$*!%#!51'2+-(-%'$:!&#0>-(-%'$:!1'!6#7*0'!
%#1!$+#1*:!1'!(*00#(,'!&-%0','(-;/!%#!1'$!51'/,'$:!#1!-65'(,*!8-/'/(-#0*:!1'!2#/#0'(-;/!%#!9'1*0:!#/,0#!*,0*$<!
3. Resultados y discusión
=/!1'!,'>1'!G!$#!6+#$,0'!+/'!(*65'0'(-;/!%#!,0#$!%-8#0#/,#$!8*06'$!%#!8+6-2'(-;/!(*/!$+$!0#$5#(,-9*$!(*$,*$!3!
+$*!%#1!-/$+6*<!=/!#$,'!,'>1'!5*%#6*$!9#0!1*$!>#/#8-(-*$!#(*/;6-(*$!#/!6'/*!%#!*>0'!4+#!$#!,-#/#/!'1!+,-1-.'0!
1*$!%0*/#$!(*6*!6?,*%*!%#!'$5#0$-;/:!%*/%#!$#!*>,-#/#!+/!'&*00*!%#1!i:`W!g!0#$5#(,*!'!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!(*/!
'9-*/#,'! 3! +/! '&*00*! %#1! GW:^W! g! 0#$5#(,*! '! 1'! 8+6-2'(-;/! 6'/+'1:! 9'1*0#$! 4+#! -65'(,'/! %-0#(,'6#/,#! '1!
'20-(+1,*0!#/!$+!>#/#8-(-*!3!0#/,'>-1-%'%.
Tabla 1
Comparativo de formas de fumigación para desmalezado
de terreno precultivo, caso en terreno de 47 ha
Tecnología utilizada
Avioneta
Manual
Dron
Tiempo utilizado para fumigar el terreno (horas)
5
24
11
Uso de agua por hectárea (litros)
2350
4700
188
Costo de fumigación por hectárea (pesos colombianos)
$ 1.880.000
$ 2.115.000
$ 1.880.000
% de Refumigación de parches de maleza
7 %
10 %
2 %
Cantidad de glifosato por hectárea (litros)
302
310
192
Costo total mano de obra fumigación (pesos colombianos)
$ 2.011.600
$ 2.326.500
$ 1.917.600
Fuente: Elaboración propia
=1!8'(,*0! 6@$!-65*0,'/,#! '!0#('1('0! #$! #1!'&*00*! %#1!50*%+(,*! *!-/$+6*! '! '51-('0<!=/! #$,#!('$*:! #1! 50*%+(,*!
'51-('%*!8+#!#1!&#0>-(-%'!21-8*$',*:!,#/-#/%*!+/!'&*00*!%#1!eH!g!0#$5#(,*!'!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!6'/+'1!3!+/!'&*00*!%#1!
e`!g! 0#$5#(,*! '! 1'! 8+6-2'(-;/! (*/! '9-*/#,'<! =$,*! $#! %#>#! '! %-9#0$*$! 8'(,*0#$K!#1! 50-6#0*:! #$! 1'! %-1+(-;/! %#1!
50*%+(,*!(*/!'2+':!%#>-%*!'!1'!20'/!('/,-%'%!%#!'2+'!4+#!$#!/#(#$-,'!5'0'!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!#/!'9-*/#,'K!5*0!#1!
(*/,0'0-*:!#/!#1!('$*!%#!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!6'/+'1!$#!&'(#!/#(#$'0-*!+,-1-.'0!6@$!21-8*$',*!5'0'!2'0'/,-.'0!1'!4+#6'!
%#!1'!6'1#.'!#/!$+!,*,'1-%'%<!!
=1!$#2+/%*!8'(,*0!#$!1'!5#0%-%'!5*0!'$5#0$-;/K!#$,@!5#0%-%'!$#!5+#%#!-/(0#6#/,'0!$-!#/!#1!6*6#/,*!%#!0#'1-.'0!1'!
8+6-2'(-;/:!#/!#1!('$*!%#!1'!'9-*/#,':!$#!50#$#/,'!6+(&*!9-#/,*:!#1!!(+'1!%#$9L'!#1!1L4+-%*!#/!1'!('L%'K!'!%-8#0#/(-'!
%#1!('$*!'/,#0-*0:!#/!!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!6'/+'1:!1'!6#.(1'!$#!5-#0%#!'!1'!&*0'!%#!0#('02'0!1'$!>*6>'$!*!1*$!,'/4+#$:!
'!,0'9?$!%#1!,0'/$5*0,#!#/!#/9'$#$!4+#!/*!(+651#/!1'$!6#%-%'$!%#!&#06#,-(-%'%!/#(#$'0-'$:!3!5*0!1'!'$5#0$-;/!
4+#!/*!#$!(*/$,'/,#:!5+%-?/%*$#!$*>0#!8+6-2'0!*!>-#/!%#7'0!,#00#/*!$-/!'51-('0!50*%+(,*K!5*0!$#0!+/!50*(#$*!
1#/,*!3!%#6'/%'/,#:!#1!*5#0'0-*!%#!1'!>*6>'!$+#1#!9'0-'0!,'6>-?/!1'!('/,-%'%!%#!21-8*$',*!4+#!$#!'51-('!'!1*!1'02*!
%#1!,#00#/*<!
=1!,#0(#0!8'(,*0!4+#!-/81+3#!#/!1'!20'/!%-8#0#/(-'!%#!+$*!%#!50*%+(,*!#$!1'!0#8+6-2'(-;/<!=/!1'!#,'5'!-/-(-'1!*!%#!
'1-$,'6-#/,*!%#1!,#00#/*!#$!8@(-1!9#0!#/!4+?!$-,-*$!$#!/#(#$-,'!9*19#0!'!'51-('0!#1!21-8*$',*:!5+#$!1'!6'1#.'!/*!$#!
4+#6'!3!4+#%'/!5'0(&#$!9#0%#$K!#$,'!,'0#'!$#!0#'1-.'!%#!8*06'!6'/+'1:!%#>-%*!'!4+#!/*!#$!5*$->1#!&'(#01*!(*/!
'9-*/#,'<! J'! '9-*/#,'! 2#/#0'! +/! W!g! %#! 0#8+6-2'(-;/:! 1'! '$5#0$-;/! 6'/+'1! 2#/#0'! +/! GF!g:! #/,0#! ,'/,*! 1'!
8+6-2'(-;/! (*/! %0*/#$! $*1*! *>1-2'! '! 9*19#0! '! 8+6-2'0! #/! +/! Eg! %#1! (+1,-9*:! %',*$! *>,#/-%*$! #/! ('65*! 3!
(*65'0'%*$!(*/!8+6-2'(-*/#$!'/,#0-*0<!!
=1!(+'0,*!8'(,*0!#$!#1!'&*00*!%#!'2+'<!B1!&'(#0!1'!(*65'0'(-;/!(*/!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!6'/+'1:!$#!50#$#/,'!+/!'&*00*!
%#1!]`!g!3:!(*65'0'%*!(*/!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!(*/!'9-*/#,':!#1!'&*00*!#$!%#1!]E!g<!=$,*$!%',*$!$*/!0#1#9'/,#$!#/!,*%*!
$#/,-%*:!,'/,*!#(*/;6-(*!(*6*!'6>-#/,'1:!$-2+-#/%*!1'!1L/#'!%#!1*$!#$,+%-*$!4+#!6+#$,0'/!4+#!#1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!
5'0'!8+6-2'(-;/!2#/#0'!+/!'&*00*!%#!'2+'!'10#%#%*0!%#1!HF!g!(*65'0'%'!(*/!6?,*%*$!,0'%-(-*/'1#$!A"'n*%+!
%#!B:!EFEF:!!b**/'6!X!N&'/'6:!EFEFI<!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 97
3.1. Etapa de control de plagas y maleza
J'!,'>1'!E!/*$!6+#$,0'!+/!(*65'0',-9*!#/,0#!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!6'/+'1:!(*/!'9-*/#,'!3!(*/!%0*/!%#!+/'!6#.(1'!%#!
#1#6#/,*$!4+L6-(*$!4+#!$#!+,-1-.'/!5'0'!(*/,0*1!%#!&*7':!#$5-2'!3!6'1#.'$<!b'0'!%#,#06-/'0!1'!('/,-%'%!%#!'2+'!
4+#!$#!%#>#!+$'0:!$#!'/'1-.'/!1*$!(*#8-(-#/,#$!%#!%-$*1+(-;/!%#!1*$!50*%+(,*$:!5+#$,*!4+#!&'3!'12+/*$!%#!#11*$!
4+#!0#4+-#0#/!+/!6L/-6*!%#!'2+'!5'0'!4+#!$#!%-1+3'/!(*00#(,'6#/,#:!$#!$+6'/!1'$!('/,-%'%#$!%#!1*$!4+L6-(*$!
+,-1-.'%*$!3!$#!%#,#06-/'!+/'!6#%-%'!%#!'2+'!'!+$'0!%#5#/%-#/%*!%#1!6L/-6*!4+#!#Q-7'!#1!50*%+(,*!#/!#$5#(L8-(*!
3!#1!0'/2*!%#!8+6-2'(-;/!%#1!%0*/<!
Tabla 2
Comparativo de formas de control de
plagas y malezas, caso terreno de 47 ha
Tecnología Utilizada
Avioneta
Dron
Sanjuanero (litros)
23,5
21,15
Humus (litros)
47
42,3
Bim (kilos)
11,7
10,53
Coragen (litros)
2,35
2,115
Axis (litros)
18,8
16,92
Natural oíl (litros)
14,1
12,69
Consumo de agua (litros)
2350
376
V+#/,#k!=1'>*0'(-;/!b0*5-'!
R*6*!0#$+1,'%*:!5*%#6*$!9#0!#/!1'!,'>1'!E!4+#!#1!%0*/!,-#/#!+/!'&*00*!%#!+$*!%#!1*$!50*%+(,*$!4+L6-(*$!%#1!
GFg!0#$5#(,*!'!1'!'9-*/#,':!+/!EF!g!%#!'&*00*!0#$5#(,*!'!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!6'/+'1!3!+/!'&*00*!%#!'2+'!%#1!Hig:!
9'1*0#$!4+#!(*/(+#0%'/!(*/!1'!-/8*06'(-;/!4+#!$#!#/(+#/,0'!#/!%-8#0#/,#$!#$,+%-*$!0#'1-.'%*$!#/!5'L$#$!(*6*!
=(+'%*0!AT#2+0'!EFEGI:!!b#0U!AT#/%#0!#,!'1<:!EFGWI!3!R*1*6>-'!AD#%-/'!X!Y-)*:!EFGWI!(*650*>'/%*!4+#!#1!+$*!
%#!%0*/#$!5'0'!8+6-2'(-;/!#$!6@$!#8-(-#/,#$!3!0#/,'>1#$!4+#!(+'14+-#0!*,0*!6?,*%*!'(,+'1<!
3.2. Resultados finales del cultivo
=1!#$,+%-*!51'/,#'%*!#$!1'!*5,-6-.'(-;/!8-/'/(-#0'!%#!1*$!(+1,-9*$!#Q,#/$-9*$!%#!'00*.:!(+'/%*!$#!+$'/!%0*/#$!
(*6*!#4+-5*$!%#!8+6-2'(-;/:!5'0'!4+#!#$,#!#$,+%-*!#$,?!(*651#,*:!$#!%#>#/!,#/#0!1*$!%',*$!%#!1'!50*%+((-;/!
4+#!$#!*>,+9*!#/!#$,#!(+1,-9*:!(*65'0'%'!(*/!1'!50*%+((-;/!*>,#/-%'!'/,#0-*06#/,#!(*/!#1!+$*!%#!,#(/*1*2L'$!
(*6*!$*/!1'!'9-*/#,'!*!8+6-2'(-;/!6'/+'1!#/!#1!6-$6*!,#00#/*!(+1,-9'%*<!!
=/!1'!,'>1'!e!$#!5+#%#!9#0!1'!50*%+((-;/!*>,#/-%'!#/!#$,#!(+1,-9*:!(*65'0'%*!(*/!+/'!50*%+((-;/!%#1!6-$6*!
,#00#/*!#/!#1!$#2+/%*!$#6#$,0#!%#!EFEG:!%*/%#!$#!*>,-#/#!+/!-/(0#6#/,*!%#1!`:H]!g<!=$,*!4+-#0#!%#(-0!4+#!#/!
#1!6-$6*!,#00#/*!$#!5'$;!%#!50*%+(-0!HW!>+1,*$!%#!'00*.!'!]e!5*0!&#(,@0#'!(*/!#1!+$*!%#1!%0*/:!5#06-,-#/%*!'1!
'20-(+1,*0!6#7*0'0!$+!-/20#$*!#!-/(0#6#/,'%*!1'!0#/,'>-1-%'%!%#!$+!50*%+((-;/<!!
Tabla 3
Comparativa de producción
Producción
Producción anterior
Producción con dron
Tonelada/hectárea
5,22
5,58
Producción total (tonelada)
245,34
262,26
Incremento de producción
6,89%
V+#/,#k!=1'>*0'(-;/!50*5-'!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 98
=1!-/(0#6#/,*!%#!1'!50*%+((-;/!#$,@!%#,#06-/'%*!5*0!9'0-*$!8'(,*0#$!4+#!-/,#09-#/#/!%-0#(,'6#/,#!#/!#1!(+1,-9*<!
=1! 50-6#0*! %#! #11*$!!#$! 1'! &*6*2#/#-%'%! %#! 1'! 8+6-2'(-;/! #/! #1! (+1,-9*! 4+#! 0#'1-.'! #1! %0*/K! (*6*! $#! %-7*!
'/,#0-*06#/,#:! 1'! 8+6-2'(-;/! (*/! %0*/#$!#$! 6@$! #8-(-#/,#! 5+#$! #1! ,0'.'%*! $#! &'(#! +,-1-.'/%*! #1! $-$,#6'! %#!
5*$-(-;/!21*>'1!ASbTI:!#1!(+'1!,0'.'!+/'!0+,'!'!$#2+-0!5*0!#1!%0*/K!1'!9#1*(-%'%!%#!9+#1*!3!1'!('/,-%'%!%#!50*%+(,*!
'!'51-('0!5*0!&#(,@0#'!$#!50*20'6'/!#/!#1!#4+-5*:!3!#$'$!9'0-'>1#$!#$,@/!(*/,0*1'%'$!(*/$,'/,#6#/,#!5*0!+/!
$-$,#6'!#1#(,0;/-(*:!1*!4+#!2'0'/,-.'!+/'!'$5#0$-;/!+/-8*06#!3!(*/$,'/,#!#/!,*%*!#1!,#00#/*!AR'$,-11#7*:!EFGGI:!1'!
9#1*(-%'%!%#!%#$51'.'6-#/,*!3!'1,+0'!%#1!%0*/!$#!'7+$,'/!(*6*!+/!5'0@6#,0*!-/-(-'1K!1'!('/,-%'%!%#!50*%+(,*!%#!
8+6-2'(-;/!'!'$5#07'0!#$!*,0*!5'0@6#,0*!4+#!$#!%#,#06-/'!'1!-/-(-*!3!$#!%#>#!6'/,#/#0!(*/$,'/,#!#/!,*%*!#1!
0#(*00-%*:!1*!4+#!'$#2+0'!+/'!8+6-2'(-;/!&*6*2?/#'!%#!,*%*!#1!,#00#/*:!2'0'/,-.'/%*!4+#!('%'!51'/,'!0#(->'!1'!
6-$6'!%*$-$:!1*!4+#!/*!$#!5+#%#!'$#2+0'0!(*/!8+6-2'(-*/#$!6'/+'1#$!*!(*/!1'!'9-*/#,'<!
=1!$#2+/%*!8'(,*0!4+#!-/81+3#!#/!#1!-/(0#6#/,*!%#!1'!50*%+((-;/!#$!1'!/*!+,-1-.'(-;/!%#!#4+-5*$!6#(@/-(*$:!(*6*!
,0'(,*0#$!4+#!'8#(,'/!#1!(+1,-9*:!5+#$!'1!,0'/$-,'0!5*0!#$,#!9'/!2#/#0'/%*!+/'!&+#11'!4+#!0#%+(#!1'!('5'(-%'%!%#!
50*%+((-;/!%#!1'$!51'/,'$!4+#!5-$'<!T-!#$,'!&+#11'!$#!&'(#!(*/$,'/,#6#/,#:!/*!$*1*!%')'!1'$!51'/,'$!$-/*!4+#!
#/%+0#(#!1'!,-#00':!+/'!(*/%-(-;/!5#07+%-(-'1!5'0'!1*$!(+1,-9*$!#Q,#/$-9*$<!T-!>-#/!#$!(-#0,*!4+#!$#!%#>#/!+,-1-.'0!
#$,*$!#4+-5*$!5'0'!11#9'0!-/$+6*$!*!/+,0-#/,#$!%+0'/,#!,*%*!#1!(+1,-9*:!#/,0#!6#/*$!5-$'%'$!$#!50*%+.('/:!6#/*$!
'8#(,'(-;/!$#!,-#/#!%#!1*$!,#00#/*$!3!%#!1'$!$#6-11'$!3'!2#06-/'%'$<!
=/!1'!8-2+0'!e!$#!5+#%#/!*>$#09'0!1'$!&+#11'$!4+#!%#7'!#1!,0'(,*0!'1!5'$'0!(*/$,'/,#6#/,#!5*0!#1!(+1,-9*:!(*6*!
#$,*$! ,#00#/*$! %#>#/! 6'/,#/#0$#! &U6#%*$! 1'$! &+#11'$! $#! 50*8+/%-.'/! 6@$! 3! 2#/#0'/! %')*$! $#9#0*$! #/! 1'$!
51'/,'$<!
Figura 3
Huellas del tractor vs vuelo del dron
Fuente: Elaboración propia
J'!V-2+0'!i!/*$!5#06-,#!&'(#0!+/'!(*65'0'(-;/!%#1!,#00#/*!8+6-2'%*!(*/!%0*/:!0#$5#(,*!'1!8+6-2'%*!(*/!,0'(,*0!
AV-2+0'!eI:!#1!(+'1!/*!6+#$,0'!/-/2+/'!'8#(,'(-;/!'1!$+#1*:!/*!&'3!&+#11'$:!/-!'(+6+1'(-;/!%#!'2+'!4+#!*('$-*/#!
%')*$!'1!(+1,-9*!3!4+#!0#%+.('/!1'!50*%+((-;/<!!
J'!8-2+0'!^!6+#$,0'!5'0,#!%#1!(+1,-9*! %#! '00*.! 8+6-2'%*!(*/! %0*/:!$#!5+#%#!*>$#09'0!4+#!/*!&'3!&+#11'$! %#!
6'4+-/'0-'! 6#(@/-(':! #1! (*1*0! %#! 1'! &*7'! #$! &*6*2?/#*:! #1! (0#(-6-#/,*! %#! 1'! #$5-2'! ,-#/#! +/! >+#/!
(*65*0,'6-#/,*:! /*! 50#$#/,'! /-(&*$! /-! %#! 6'1#.'! /-! %#! 51'2'$:! 1'! 8-2+0'! ^! #$! 1'! 50+#>'! %#! 1*$! #Q(#1#/,#$!
0#$+1,'%*$!'1!+,-1-.'0!#$,'!,#(/*1*2L'<!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 99
Figura 4
Terreno fumigado con dron, sin huellas de tractor
Fuente: Elaboración propia
Figura 5
Estado del cultivo después de la fumigación con dron
Fuente: Elaboración propia
J'!#9-%#/(-'!8*,*20@8-('!#$!(1'0'!0#$5#(,*!'!1'!6-,-2'(-;/!4+#!&'(#!#1!%0*/!#/!'0'$!%#!(*/$#2+-0!+/'!6#7*0!('1-%'%!
%#1!$+#1*!5'0'!#1!(+1,-9*:!#9-,'/%*!'$L!2#/#0'0!$+0(*$!4+#!%-$6-/+3'/!1'!50*%+((-;/!%#1!,#00#/*<!"#>#6*$!,#/#0!
(1'0*!4+#!1*$!(+1,-9*$!#Q,#/$-9*$!$#!&'(#/!$*>0#!20'/%#$!$+5#08-(-#$:!,#00#/*$!%#!6@$!%#!GFF!&#(,@0#'$!&'$,'!
G^FF!&#(,@0#'$:!1*$!(+'1#$!%#>#/!$#0!0#(*00-%*$!#/!$+!,*,'1-%'%!5'0'!9#0-8-('(-;/:!(*/,0*1!3!6*/-,*0#*:!5*0!1*!4+#!
1'$!&+#11'$!4+#!%#7'/!1'$!6@4+-/'$!4+#!$#!+$'/!#/!1*$!(+1,-9*$!%#!'00*.:!(*6*!1*$!,0'(,*0#$!*!(*6>-/'%'$:!,*6'/!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 100
0#1#9'/(-'!(+'/%*!$#!(+'/,-8-('!1'!5?0%-%'!%#!50*%+((-;/!4+#!#$,'$!2#/#0'/:!11#2'/%*!'!$+6'0!&'$,'!+/!E!g!%#1!
,*,'1!50*%+(-%*<!
4. Conclusiones
=1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!#/!1'!'20-(+1,+0'!%#!50#(-$-;/!$#!9-#/#!50#$#/,'/%*!%#$%#!&'(#!6+(&*$!')*$!#/!#1!6+/%*<!
R*6>-/'%'!(*/!,?(/-('$!%#!0#2'%L*:!$#!(*/9-#0,#!#/!+/'!&#00'6-#/,'!5*%#0*$'!4+#!5+#%#!'3+%'0!'1!'20-(+1,*0!'!
6#7*0'0! $+$!/-9#1#$! %#!50*%+((-;/! 3:!5*0!(*/$-2+-#/,#:! $+$! -/20#$*$:!5#06-,-#/%*! 2#/#0'0!0+,'$! %#! (*/,0*1!3!
$#2+-6-#/,*!$-/!'8#(,'0!#1!,#00#/*:!0#(*5-1'/%*!-/8*06'(-;/!%#!6'/#0'!50#(-$'!3!#/!6+3!(*0,*!,-#65*<!
J*$!%-8#0#/,#$!%*(+6#/,*$!0#(*5-1'%*$!5'0'!#$,#!('$*!%#!#$,+%-*!6+#$,0'/!4+#!'1!+$'0!%0*/#$!(*6*!#4+-5*!5'0'!
8+6-2'(-;/:!$#!0#%+(#!#1!(*/$+6*!%#!'2+'!'10#%#%*0!%#1!HF!g:!(*65'0'%*$!(*/!*,0*$!6?,*%*$!,0'%-(-*/'1#$<!=/!
#$,#!('$*!#/!5'0,-(+1'0!$#!1*20;!*>,#/#0!+/!'&*00*!%#1!]E!g:!+/!9'1*0!$-2/-8-(',-9*!,'/,*!5'0'!1'$!8-/'/.'$!%#1!
'20-(+1,*0!(*6*!5'0'!#1!-65'(,*!'6>-#/,'1!4+#!#$,*!2#/#0'<!=$!%#!0#$'1,'0!4+#!#1!'&*00*!%#!'2+'!$#!1*20;!+$'/%*!
50*%+(,*$!'20*4+L6-(*$!1L4+-%*$:!1*$!(+'1#$!,-#/#/!+/'!6#7*0!%-1+(-;/!4+#!1*$!20'/+1'%*$:!*!4+#!1*$!50*%+(,*$!
#/!5*19*<!!
=1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!#/!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!50#$#/,'!'651-'$!9#/,'7'$!$*>0#!*,0*$!6?,*%*$!,0'%-(-*/'1#$:!(*6*!$*/!#1!
5*%#0!8+6-2'0!$#(,*0#$!%#!%-8L(-1!'((#$*:!#/!,-#65*$!6+3!(*0,*$!3!'!>'7*!(*$,*!*5#0',-9*:!8+6-2'(-;/!(*/,0*1'%'!
4+#!5#06-,#!'$5#07'0!$*1*!1'!5'0,#!'8#(,'%'!$-/!'8#(,'0!#1!(+1,-9*!(-0(+/%'/,#:!#$,'!9#/,'7'!/*!$*1*!'&*00'!%-/#0*!
#/!50*%+(,*$!'20*4+L6-(*$!$-/*!4+#!5#06-,#!&'(#0!(*/,0*1!%#!51'2'$:!&*7':!6'1#.'$:!3!'51-('(-;/!%#!50*%+(,*$!
8-,*$'/-,'0-*$!%#!6'/#0'!6@$!#8-(-#/,#!4+#!(+'14+-#0!*,0'!8*06'!%#!,0','6-#/,*<!!
=1!%0*/:!5*0!#0!+/!#4+-5*!9#0$@,-1:!1#!5#06-,#!'1!'20-(+1,*0!,#/#0!9#/,'7'$!*5#0',-9'$:!,'1#$!(*6*!'&*00*!%#!,-#65*:!
51'/-8-('(-;/! %#! 0+,'$:! 1#9'/,'6-#/,*! %#! 6'5'$!3!$+5#09-$-;/! (*/$,'/,#! #/! ,-#65*! 0#'1:! 4+#! (*/11#9'/! '! 1'!
(0#'(-;/!%#!$-$,#6'$!%#!2#$,-;/!>'$'%*$!#/!-/8*06'(-;/!0#(*5-1'%'!%-'0-'6#/,#K!#$,*$!$-$,#6'$!$#!'1-6#/,'/!
5#0-;%-('6#/,#!$#2U/!(0-,#0-*$!%#1!'20;/*6*!*!5#0$*/'!#/('02'%'!%#!0#'1-.'0!%-(&'!1'>*0:!3!5#06-,#/!,#/#0!+/!
(*/,0*1!*5,-6*!%#1!(+1,-9*!#/!,*%'$!1'$!#,'5'$<!B1!,#/#0!+/!$-$,#6'!%#!2#$,-;/:!$#!5+#%#/!50#%#(-0!1*$!50*%+(,*$!
4+#!$#!9'/!'!+,-1-.'0!#/!('%'!#,'5':!2#/#0'0!+/!50#$+5+#$,*:!(*/,0','0!5#0$*/'1!0#4+#0-%*!#/!('%'!$#(,*0:!1'!
6'4+-/'0-'! /#(#$'0-'! 3! #1! 50*8#$-*/'1! $*1-(-,'%*! 5'0'! '5*3'0! 1'$! 1'>*0#$! '! 0#'1-.'0:! ,*%*! #$,*:! $+6'%*! '! +/!
-/(0#6#/,*!%#!1'!50*%+((-;/:!6+#$,0'!4+#!#1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!#$!+/'!&#00'6-#/,'!4+#!$-!2#/#0'!9'1*0!#/!$+!+$*<!
B1! +,-1-.'0! %0*/#$! (*6*! 6?,*%*! %#! 0#(*5-1'(-;/! %#! -/8*06'(-;/! 3! (*/,0*1:! $#! 5+#%#/! 2#/#0'0! 50*(#$*$!
'%6-/-$,0',-9*$! 3! %#! *5,-6-.'(-;/! 8-/'/(-#0':! 5+#$,*! 4+#! #$,*$! #4+-5*$! 5#06-,#/! 51'/#'0! #$,0',#2-'$! 4+#! $#!
#7#(+,#/!'/,#$!3!%+0'/,#!#1!50*(#$*!%#!$-#6>0':!'%'5,@/%*$#!'!1'$!/#(#$-%'%#$!%#1!'20-(+1,*0!#/!('%'!#,'5'!#1!
50*(#$*!%#!$-#6>0'<!
J*$! 0#$+1,'%*$! 4+#! $#! *>,+9-#0*/! 6+#$,0'/! 4+#! #1! +$*! %#! %0*/#$! 5'0'! 8+6-2'(-;/! 3! 8#0,-1-.'(-;/! #/! (+1,-9*$!
#Q,#/$-9*$!5#06-,#!,#/#0!+/'!6'3*0!50*%+((-;/!(*65'0'%'!(*/!6?,*%*$!,0'%-(-*/'1#$K!#/!#$,#!('$*!%#!#$,+%-*!
#/!5'0,-(+1'0:!$#!*>,+9*!+/!-/(0#6#/,*!%#!1'!50*%+((-;/!#/!+/!`:H]!g:!$+6'%*!'!+/!'&*00*!#/!1*$!(*$,*$!%#!
8+6-2'(-;/!%#1!i:`W!g:!(*65'0'%*!(*/!#1!6?,*%*!6@$!+,-1-.'%*:!4+#!#$!1'!'9-*/#,':!3!+/!'&*00*!#/!-/$+6*$!
'20L(*1'$!%#1!GF!g!(*65'0'%*!(*/!#1!6-$6*!6?,*%*!%#!8+6-2'(-;/!A'9-*/#,'I:!'%#6@$!%#1!'&*00*!#/!#1!2'$,*!%#!
'2+':! ,-#65*! 3! 5#0$*/'1! /#(#$'0-*! 5'0'! (+651-0! %-(&'! 1'>*0<! Z*%*! #$,*! $+6'%*! -65'(,'! 5*$-,-9'6#/,#! 1'$!
8-/'/.'$!%#!1*$!'20-(+1,*0#$!3!1#$!5#06-,#!$#0!6@$!(*65#,-,-9*$!
Trabajos futuros
b'0'!4+-#/#$!4+-#0'/!$#2+-0!5*0!#$,'!1L/#'!%#!-/9#$,-2'(-;/!$#!1#$!0#(*6-#/%'!4+#!$#!-651#6#/,#!#1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!
5'0'! ,#1#%#,#((-;/:! #$,*! -/(0#6#/,'0@! #1! 0#/%-6-#/,*! %#1! (+1,-9*! 11#9@/%*1*! '! 2#/#0'0! 6#7*0#$! 0#$+1,'%*$!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 101
#(*/;6-(*$!5'0'!#1!'20-(+1,*0:!'1!8+$-*/'0!1'$!%*$!,#(/*1*2L'$!$#!5+#%#/!(*/$#2+-0!6#7*0#$!0#$+1,'%*$!,'/,*!#/!
#8-(-#/(-'!%#!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!(*6*!#/!#1!(*/,0*1!%#!51'2'$:!6'1#.'$:!%')*!#/!1'$!&*7'$:!$-/*!,'6>-?/!#/!'%4+-0-0!
-/8*06'(-;/!%#1!$+#1*:!(*6*!#1!#$,0?$!&L%0-(*:!1*$!/-9#1#$!/-!/-,0;2#/*:!/-9#1#$!%#!5',;2#/*$!#/,0#!*,0*$<!!
Referencias bibliográficas
B18*/$*![*%0L2+#.:!D<!q<!AEFGWI<!=1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!3!$+!-65'(,*!#/!1'!0#$5*/$'>-1-%'%!$*(-'1!#650#$'0-'1!%#!1'!
'20-(+1,+0'!%#!50#(-$-;/!#/!R*1*6>-'<!d/-9#0$-%'%!D-1-,'0!Y+#9'!S0'/'%'<
B6'%*0!%#!s9-1':!J<!R<!AEFGHI<!j5(-*/#$!#$,0',?2-('$!'!5'0,-0!%#1!'/@1-$-$!%#!0#(+0$*$!3!('5'(-%'%#$k!d/'!
&#00'6-#/,'!2#0#/(-'1<!d/-9#0$-%'%!Z#(/*1;2-('!"#!\*1L9'0<!
\'00'.':!a<!B<:!=$5-/*.':!=<!a<:!=$5-/*$:!B<!S<:!X!T#00'(-/:!a<!AEFG]I<!B20-(+1,+0'!%#!50#(-$-;/!(*/!%0*/#$!5'0'!
(*/,0*1!%#!#/8#06#%'%#$!#/!1'!51'/,'!%#!'00*.<![#9-$,'!%#!_/-(-'(-;/!R-#/,L8-(':!^:!iGCiW<!
&,,5$khh%*-<*02hGF<eeiGEh0#9C0-(<9^<F<Ee`H!
\#$,!T:!T<:!J#;/!S:!J<:!D?/%#.:!B<:!V1*0#$:!V<:!X!B2+-1#0':!M<!AEFGiI<!B%*5(-*/!3!"#$'00*11*!%#!Z#(/*1*2L'!#/!
B20-(+1,+0'!%#!b0#(-$-;/<!D-/-$,#0-*!%#!B20-(+1,+0'!R&-1#<!
R'01':!J<:!J3:!Z<:!_0#/#:!J<:!X!T-#$4+?/:!T<!AEFF^I<!Z?(/-('$!#!-/$,0+6#/,*$!%#!0#(*1#((-;/!%#!%',*$<!d/-9#0$-%'%!
R',;1-('!J*$!s/2#1#$!"#!R&-6>*,#<!&,,5$khhnnn<5*$,20'%*+/#<#%+<5#h5%8h%*(+6#/,*$C
'('%#6-(*$h(-#/(-'$C%#C1'C#%+('(-*/hEe<5%8!
R'$,-11#7*!S*/.@1#.:!_<!J<!AEFGGI<!=9'1+'(-;/!%#!6?,*%*$!>'$'%*$!#/!5LQ#1#$!3!*>7#,*$!5'0'!1'!(1'$-8-('(-;/!%#!
+$*$!%#!$+#1*!(*/!-6@2#/#$!%#!$',?1-,#!4+-(O>-0%:!5'0'!#1!$#2+-6-#/,*!%#!6#%-%'$!'20*'6>-#/,'1#$!3!1'!
*5,-6-.'(-;/!%#1!+$*!%#!&#0>-(-%'$!(*/!'20-(+1,+0'!%#!50#(-$-;/<!d/-9#0$-%'%!%#!R;0%*>'<!
R0#$n#11:!a<!c<:!T&*5#:![<:!R1'0O:!f<!J<!b<:!X!S0##/:!"<!j<!AEFF`I<!T50-/2!EFF`!M*n!_/,#050#,-9#!r+'1-,',-9#!
[#$#'0(&!=Q,#/%$!D-Q#%!D#,&*%$![#$#'0(&<!=/![=T=B[RM!_Y!ZM=!TRMjjJT!D-%CT*+,&!=%+(',-*/'1!
[#$#'0(&!B$$*(-',-*/!Af*1<!Ge:!YU6#0*!GI<!
"BY=<!AEFG`I<!R#/$*!Y'(-*/'1!B00*(#0*<!&,,5$khhnnn<%'/#<2*9<(*h-/%#Q<5&5h#$,'%-$,-('$C5*0C
,#6'h'20*5#(+'0-*h(#/$*C/'(-*/'1C'00*(#0*!
"BY=<!AEFEE:!'2*$,*!GFI<!=/(+#$,'!Y'(-*/'1!%#!B00*.!D#('/-.'%*!A=YBDI<!\*1#,L/!Z?(/-(*!b0-6#0!T#6#$,0#:!^C
H<!
"'n*%+!%#!B<!AEFEFI<!"0*/#!Z#(&/*1*23!-/!b0#(-$-*/!B20-(+1,+0#k!tB0#!Z&#0#!Y*!=/9-0*/6#/,'1!R*/(#0/$u!
&,,5$khh%*-<*02hGF<WGW`ha==ThGFC]CFH!
"#!\#0/'0%-:!J<!B<!AEFGWI<!b#08-1!%#1!6#0('%*!%#!'00*.!Aj03.'!$',-9'I<!^CGE<!
"-!J#*:!Y<!AEFG^I<!"0*/#$k!/+#9'!%-6#/$-;/!%#!1'!,#1#%#,#((-;/!'20*'6>-#/,'1!3!/+#9*!5'0'%-26'!5'0'!1'!
'20-(+1,+0'!%#!50#(-$-;/<!B20*6#/$'7#$:!iG:!WCGW<!
"_BY<!AEFGHI<!T-$,#6'!%#!-/8*06'(-;/!TmSB!_Dbj[ZBR_jY=T<!
&,,5$khh-65*0,'(-*/#$<%-'/<2*9<(*h$-21*QQ-h(*6+/h'$5hRjD=q<'$5!
"-'.!R'$,0*:!a<!AEFEFI<!_/81+#/(-'!%#!1*$!0#(+0$*$!3!('5'(-%'%#$!#/!#1!0#/%-6-#/,*!#650#$'0-'1<!=/!d/-9#0$-%'%!
%#!B1('1@<!d/-9#0$-%'%!%#!B1('1@<!
"L'.!S'0(L'CR#09-2;/:!a<!a<!AEFG^I<!=$,+%-*!%#!p/%-(#$!%#!9#2#,'(-;/!'!5'0,-0!%#!-6@2#/#$!'?0#'$!,*6'%'$!%#$%#!
dBTh[bBT!3!'51-('(-*/#$!%#!#$,*$!'!1'!'20-(+1,+0'!%#!50#(-$-;/<!d/-9#0$-%'%!R*651+,#/$#!"#!D'%0-%<!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 102
"*%%'6'/-:!B<:!N*+$#0:!T<:!X!['63':!f<!AEFEFI<![*1#!*8!"0*/#$!-/!D*%#0/!B20-(+1,+0'1!B551-(',-*/$<!R+00#/,!
a*+0/'1!*8!B551-#%!T(-#/(#!'/%!Z#(&/*1*23:!EG`CEEi<!&,,5$khh%*-<*02hGF<]Weih(7'$,hEFEFh9e]-iHeGEEi!
V#%#'00*.<!AEFEEI<!=$,'%L$,-('$!B00*(#0'$!C!V#%#'00*.<!&,,5$khhnnn<8#%#'00*.<(*6<(*h#$h8*/%*C/'(-*/'1C%#1C
'00*.h-/9#$,-2'(-*/#$C#(*/*6-('$h#$,'%-$,-('$C'00*(#0'$h!
V*/2![#3/*$*:!R<:!=%-,&!V1*0#$!f'1#/.+#1':!N<:!D#1-/'!R'0%*.'!R'65*$:!J<:!X![#3/*$*:!V<!AEFGWI<!J'!,#*0L'!%#!
0#(+0$*$!3!('5'(-%'%#$k!+/!'/@1-$-$!>->1-*6?,0-(*<![#9-$,'!=1#(,0;/-('!Y*9'!T(-#/,-':!GCeF<!
S'0(L'CT@/(&#.:!B<!a<:!S'0(L'CT@/(&#.:!V<:!X!S'0(L'CM'0*:!a<!AEFGGI<!c-0#1#$$!$#/$*0!/#,n*0O!%#51*36#/,!8*0!
-/,#20',-/2!9-%#*C$+09#-11'/(#!'/%!%','C6*/-,*0-/2!-/!50#(-$-*/!'20-(+1,+0#!*9#0!%-$,0->+,#%!(0*5$<!
R*65+,#0$!'/%!=1#(,0*/-($!-/!B20-(+1,+0#:!W^AEI:!EHHCeFe<!&,,5$khh%*-<*02hGF<GFG`h7<(*65'2<EFGF<GE<FF^!
S'0.;/:!a<!D<:!X!J+4+#:!V<!AEFGHI<!_651#6#/,'(-;/!%#!%0*/#$!5'0'!-/(0#6#/,'0!1'!50*%+(,-9-%'%!#/!#1!'20*!
(*1*6>-'/*<!R*1#2-*!%#!=$,+%-*$!T+5#0-*0#$!%#!B%6-/-$,0'(-;/!vR=TB<!
S*/.@1#.:!B<:!B6'0-11*:!S<:!B6'0-11*:!D<:!X!T'06-#/,*:!V<!AEFG^:!/*9-#6>0#!GEI<!"0*/#$!B51-('%*$!B!J'!
B20-(+1,+0'!"#!b0#(-$-;/<![#9-$,'!=$5#(-'1-.'%'!#/!_/2#/-#0-':!GCG`<!
S+.6@/!S'0(L':!D<!b<:!R'$,-11'!J*.'/*:!J<!B<:!D*0'1#$!D*/,')':!M<:!X!J+4+#!J#'/%0*:!a<!AEFGH:!/*9-#6>0#!GI<!
B%#(+'(-;/!3!50#5'0'(-;/!%#!$+#1*$<!V*/%*!Y'(-*/'1!%#1!B00*.!V="=B[[jP!:!ECeF<!
M*/O'9''0':!=<:!T''0-:!M<:!N'-9*$*7':!a<:!bw1w/#/:!_<:!M'O'1':!Z<:!J-,O#3:!b<:!DxO3/#/:!a<:!X!b#$*/#/:!J<!AEFGeI<!
b0*(#$$-/2!'/%!'$$#$$6#/,!*8!$5#(,0*6#,0-(:!$,#0#*$(*5-(!-6'2#03!(*11#(,#%!+$-/2!'!1-2&,n#-2&,!dBf!
$5#(,0'1!('6#0'!8*0!50#(-$-*/!'20-(+1,+0#<![#6*,#!T#/$-/2:!^AGFI:!^FF`C^Fe]<!
&,,5$khh%*-<*02hGF<ee]Fh0$^GF^FF`!
N',&#0-/!B(*$,'CD#%-/':!a<:![*(L*!b1','CS;6#.:!N<:!=$,#>'/!b+#/,#$CS'0.;/:!"<:!X!J-1-'/'!Z*00#$C\'00#,*:!D<!
AEFGHI<!_/81+#/(#!*8!0#$*+0(#$!'/%!('5'>-1-,-#$!-/!8-/'/(#!5#08*06'/(#!'/%!>+$-/#$$!(*65#,-,-9#/#$$k!'!
1-,#0',+0#!0#9-#n<!&,,5$khh*0(-%<*02hFFFFCFFFGC`]GFCF`]q<!
N+1>'(O:!D<:!T#2#/:!a<:!N/-#!y(:!c<:!N1#65*+$:![<:!N1+n'O:!N<:!Y-O*%#6:!a<:!N+1>'(O':!a<:!X!T#0#$,#0:!B<!AEFGH:!7+/-*!
EGI<!T+09#3*8!"0*/#$!8*0!B20-(+1,+0#!B+,*6',-*/!80*6b1'/,-/2!,*!M'09#$,<!_===!_/,#0/',-*/'1!R*/8#0#/(#!
*/!_/,#11-2#/,!=/2-/##0-/2!T3$,#6$:!GC`<!
J-/%>1*6:!a<:!J+/%$,0w6:!R<:!J7+/2:!D<:!X!a*/$$*/:!B<!AEFGWI<!b0*6*,-/2!$+$,'-/'>1#!-/,#/$-8-(',-*/!-/!50#(-$-*/!
'20-(+1,+0#k!0#9-#n!*8!%#(-$-*/!$+55*0,!$3$,#6$!%#9#1*56#/,!'/%!$,0',#2-#$<!b0#(-$-*/!B20-(+1,+0#:!GHAeI:!
eF]CeeG<!&,,5$khh%*-<*02hGF<GFFWh$GGGG]CFG`C]i]GCi
J+-$:!a<!AEFG^I<!B/@1-$-$!'1!D?,*%*!%#!1'!_/9#$,-2'(-;/<!=/!"'#/'k!_/,#0/',-*/'1!a*+0/'1!*8!S**%!R*/$(-#/(#!Af*1<!
GF:!YU6#0*!GI<!
D'(0'#:!_<:!\'O#0:!Z<:!X!Z&*65$*/:!B<!AEFEGI<!Y*,#$!*/!dBT!'/%![#6*,#!T#/$-/2!*8!_/$#(,!"'6'2#<!
&,,5$khh%*-<*02hGF<GFFWh$GEEeFCFEFCF]HG`CQhb+>1-$&#%!
D'0#O!N+1>'(O-:!a'O+>!T#2#/:!X!c*7(-#(&!N/-#!y<!AEFGHI<!T+09#3*8!"0*/#$!8*0!B20-(+1,+0#!B+,*6',-*/!
80*6b1'/,-/2!,*!M'09#$,<!
D(O-//*/:!Z<!AEFG`I<!B20-(+1,+0'1!"0*/#$k!c&',!V'06#0$!Y##%!,*!N/*n<!B20-(+1,+0'1!_/,#11-2#/(#<!"0*/#$C
#/'>1#%:!GC]<!
D#%-/':!b<!B<:!X!Y-)*:!a<!R<!AEFGWI<!"-$#)*!%#!+/!6*%#1*!%#!'20-(+1,+0'!%#!50#(-$-;/!+,-1-.'/%*!%0*/#$!3!+/!
$-$,#6'!%#!('5,+0':!'16'(#/'6-#/,*!3!'/@1-$-$!%#!%',*$!4+#!5#06-,'!-%#/,-8-('0!'!,-#65*!1'!2#/#0'(-;/!%#!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. & REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 103
1'!5+%0-(-;/!%#1!(*2*11*!#/!(+1,-9*$!%#!5'16'!%#!'(#-,#!4+#!$#!#/(+#/,0'/!#/!1*$!%#5'0,'6#/,*$!%#!\*1L9'0!
3!T'/,'/%#0<!d/-9#0$-%'%!"-$,0-,'1!V0'/(-$(*!a*$#!%#!R'1%'$<!
D-/-$,#0-*!%#!B20-(+1,+0'<!AEFG`I<!B5*3*!%-0#(,*!'!$#(,*0#$!50*%+(,-9*$<!
&,,5$khhnnn<6-/'20-(+1,+0'<2*9<(*hb'2-/'$hB5*3*C%-0#(,*C'C$#(,*0#$C50*%+(,-9*$<'$5Q!
D-/-$,#0-*!%#!B20-(+1,+0'<!AEFEEI<!RjYTZ[dm=Y"j!RBbBR_"B"=T!=Db[=TB[_BJ=T![d[BJ=T:!RjYV_BYPB!m!
jbj[ZdY_"B"!v!=J!RBDbj!=Db[=Y"=<!&,,5$khhnnn<6-/'20-(+1,+0'<2*9<(*hb'2-/'$hRjYTZ[dm=Y"jC
RBbBR_"B"=TC=Db[=TB[_BJ=TC[d[BJ=T:CRjYV_BYPBCmCjbj[ZdY_"B"Cg=EgHFg]eCC=JCRBDbjC
=Db[=Y"=<'$5Q!
Y'7-:!_<!AEFG]I<!Z&#!"0*/#$z!_65'(,!j/!b0#(-$-*/!B20-(+1,+0#!{d/-9#0$-,3!*8!Z#Q'$!',!=J!b'$*|<![(+5#0'%*!%#!
&,,5$khh%-2-,'1(*66*/$<+,#5<#%+h*5#/}#,%!
Y',+:!B<!T<:!X!N+1O'0/-:!T<!R<!AEFG`I<!_/,#0/',-*/'1!a*+0/'1!*/![#(#/,!'/%!_//*9',-*/!Z0#/%$!-/!R*65+,-/2!'/%!
R*66+/-(',-*/!B%*5,-*/!'/%!d,-1-.',-*/!*8!"0*/#$!8*0!B%9'/(#%!b0#(-$-*/!V'06-/2k!B![#9-#n<!
&,,5khhnnn<-70-,((<*02!
Y'9-'!P'6*0':!a<![<!AEFG]I<!j5,-6-.'(-;/!%#1!50*(#$*!%#!8+6-2'(-;/!'20L(*1'!6#%-'/,#!1'!+,-1-.'(-;/!%#!1*$!
%0*/#$<!d/-9#0$-%'%!Z?(/-('!=$,','1!"#!r+#9#%*<!
b?0#.!_21#$-'$:!M<:!"#12'%*![*%0L2+#.:!_<:!X!S'0(L'!\',-$,':![<!AEFGH:!'>0-1I<!DB_Y!"_T=BT=T!ZMBZ!BVV=RZ!ZM=!
RdJZ_fBCZ_jY!jV![_R=!_Y!=RdB"j[!BY"!BJZ=[YBZ_f=T!Vj[!_ZT!RjYZ[jJ<!
&,,5$khh'#$<+(8<#%+<(+h-/%#Q<5&5h'#$<!
b**/'6:!B<:!X!N&'/'6:![<!AEFEFI<!d/6'//#%!'#0-'1!9#&-(1#!AdBfI!'/%!-,$!'551-(',-*/!-/!_/%-'/!B20-(+1,+0#k!B!
5#0$5#(,-9#<!&,,5$khhnnn<0#$#'0(&2',#</#,h5+>1-(',-*/he^eFG^^^^!
b0-6-(#0-*:!a<:!%-!S#//'0*:!T<!V<:!V-*0-11*:!=<:!S#/#$-*:!J<:!J+2',*:!=<:!D',#$#:!B<:!X!f'(('0-:!V<!b<!AEFGEI<!B!81#Q->1#!
+/6'//#%!'#0-'1!9#&-(1#!8*0!50#(-$-*/!'20-(+1,+0#<!b0#(-$-*/!B20-(+1,+0#:!GeAiI:!^GWC^Ee<!
&,,5$khh%*-<*02hGF<GFFWh$GGGG]CFGEC]E^WC`!
T##1'/:!T<!N<:!J'2+#,,#:!T<:!R'$'%3:!S<!D<:!X!T#-#1$,'%:!S<!B<!AEFFeI<![#6*,#!$#/$-/2!'551-(',-*/$!8*0!50#(-$-*/!
'20-(+1,+0#k!B!1#'0/-/2!(*66+/-,3!'550*'(&<![#6*,#!T#/$-/2!*8!=/9-0*/6#/,:!HHAGCEI:!G^WCG`]<!
&,,5$khh%*-<*02hGF<GFG`h7<0$#<EFFe<Fi<FFW!
T#2+0'!R'$,-11*:!=<!B<!AEFEGI<!=$,+%-*!%#!8'(,->-1-%'%!%#1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!5'0'!1'!8+6-2'(-;/!#/!#1!(+1,-9*!%#!'00*.!
#/!"'+1#<!d/-9#0$-%'%!"#!S+'3'4+-1<!
T#/%#0!d0->#:!a+'/!"-#2*:!S;6#.!R&+(&;/:!X!T'/,-'2*![*18-<!AEFGWI<!_65'(,*!%#1!+$*!%#!%0*/#$!5'0'!
8+6-2'(-;/!%#!(+1,-9*$%#!'0@/%'/*$!#/!#1!%#5'0,'6#/,*!%#!J'!J->#0,'%!v!b#0U<!
Z'9#0/-$#:!c<!a<!AEFG]I<!J*$!(+',0*!9#(,*0#$!#/!1'!>U$4+#%'!%#!1'!(*65#,-,-9-%'%!%#!1'$!536#$~k!#$,0',#2-'$!
(*65#,-,-9'$:!9'1*0!%-8#0#/(-'1:!0#(+0$*$!3!('5'(-%'%#$<!&,,5$khh(0#',-9#(*66*/$<*02h1-(#/$#$h>3C/(C
/%hE<^h'0h!
Z#11'#(&#:!B<:!\+02*$B0,-..+:!q<!b<:!b'7'0#$:!S<:![->#-0*:!B<:!X!V#0/@/%#.Cr+-/,'/-11':!R<!AEFFHI<!B!/#n!9-$-*/C
>'$#%!'550*'(&!,*!%-88#0#/,-'1!$50'3-/2!-/!50#(-$-*/!'20-(+1,+0#<!R*65+,#0$!'/%!=1#(,0*/-($!-/!B20-(+1,+0#:!
`FAEI:!GiiCG^^<!&,,5$khh%*-<*02hGF<GFG`ha<RjDbBS<EFFW<FW<FFH!
c#>#0!D'0O+$<!AEFG]I<!"0*/#$!5'0'!1'!'20-(+1,+0'k!%#$%#!1'!%#,#((-;/!&'$,'!#1!%-'2/;$,-(*<!_//*9'(-*/!B20-(*1'<!
ISSN-L: 0798-1015 • eISSN: 2739-0071 (En línea) - Revista Espacios – Vol. 44, Nº 03, Año 2023!
MALDONADO I.D. &
REYES D.M. «Optimización financiera del uso de drones en cultivos extensivos: caso
de estudio cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Trinidad, Casanare, Colombia»
Pag. 104
m'(+..-!=/0-4+#<!AEFF^I<!=1!#$,+%-*!%#!('$*!(*6*!6#,*%*1*2L'!%#!-/9#$,-2'(-;/k!,#*0L':!6#('/-$6*$!('+$'1#$:!
9'1-%'(-;/<!d/-9#0$-%'%!%#1!R=DB:!`CGH<!
P'6>0'/*!f#1'$(*:!\<!B<:!X!D-0'/%'!S+',+6-11*:!D<!B<!AEFEFI<![#(+0$*$!3!('5'(-%'%#$!4+#!-/(-%#/!#/!1'!
(*65#,-,-9-%'%!#/!#1!6#0('%*!%#!1'!(*05*0'(-;/!20+55*!T'1-/'$o<!d/-9#0$-%'%!%#!S+'3'4+-1!<!
P&'/2:!R<:!X!N*9'($:!a<!D<!AEFGEI<!Z&#!'551-(',-*/!*8!$6'11!+/6'//#%!'#0-'1!$3$,#6$!8*0!50#(-$-*/!'20-(+1,+0#k!B!
0#9-#n<!=/!b0#(-$-*/!B20-(+1,+0#!Af*1<!Ge:!YU6#0*!`:!55<!`]eCWGEI<!&,,5$khh%*-<*02hGF<GFFWh$GGGG]CFGEC
]EWiC^!
Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons
Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional